Experiences and recommendations of veterinarians for the Dutch disciplinary system-a survey-based study.

Introduction: In the Netherlands, the veterinary disciplinary system is governmentally executed and was originally designed to provide an educational effect on veterinarians as part of maintaining quality standards.

Methods: Over 900 veterinarians were questioned (20% of the total number of veterinarians working in veterinary medicine in the Netherlands). It was ascertained whether or not they were aware of the disciplinary system, if it affected their way of working and what impact it had on their way of working after having faced a disciplinary case.

15 years of facts and figures on veterinary disciplinary measures in the Netherlands.

In most countries, a veterinary disciplinary system is in force to ensure the quality of the veterinary profession and to offer an objective platform for complaints. We present an analysis of 15 years of veterinary disciplinary verdicts (2001-2016) to compare facts and figures and identify which factors are of major influence on the outcome of the verdicts. Rulings were collected from both paper files and the digital database of the veterinary disciplinary council (VDC), categorized, and used to create a database that enabled a statistical analysis.

Phytase inclusion in pig diets improves zinc status but its effect on copper availability is inconsistent.

Complexation of dietary phytate with cations is a major cause of reduced bioavailability of Zn and possibly Cu in pig diets. We conducted 2 studies with 2 treatments in young growing pigs (8 to 40 kg) to estimate potential contributions of phytase to availability and supply of Zn and Cu, respectively. Each treatment comprised 10 pens with 8 pigs each as experimental units.

Meta-analysis of effects of microbial phytase on digestibility and bioavailability of copper and zinc in growing pigs.

A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effect of microbial phytase in pig diets on digestibility and bioavailability of Cu and Zn. Studies (n = 22) into effects of microbial phytase on digestibility and plasma levels of Cu and Zn were included in a dataset and regression analysis was performed to quantify the effect of Aspergillus niger derived 3-phytase in studies (n = 14) with a maximum dietary Zn content of 100 mg/kg and a maximum Cu addition of 20 mg/kg. Phytase inclusion increased digestibility of Zn (P = 0.

Effects of dietary crude protein level on odour from pig manure.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) level on odour emission, odour intensity, hedonic tone, and ammonia emission from pig manure and on manure composition (pH, total nitrogen, ammonium, volatile fatty acids, indolic, phenolic and sulphur-containing compounds). An experiment was conducted with growing pigs (n = 18) in a randomised complete-block design with three treatments in six blocks. Treatment groups were 12%, 15% and 18% CP diets.

Effects of crystalline amino acid supplementation to the diet on odor from pig manure.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of specific crystalline AA supplementation to a diet on odor emission, odor intensity, odor hedonic tone, and ammonia emission from pig manure, and on manure characteristics (pH; ammonia N; total nitrogen; sulfurous, indolic, and phenolic compounds; and VFA concentrations). An experiment was conducted with growing pigs (n = 18) in a randomized complete block design, with 3 treatments in 6 blocks. Treatment groups were (1) a 15%-CP basal diet with 3 times the requirement of sulfur-containing AA (14.

Effect of graded doses and a high dose of microbial phytase on the digestibility of various minerals in weaner pigs.

An experiment with 224 weaner pigs (initial BW of 7.8 kg) was conducted to determine the effect of dose of dietary phytase supplementation on apparent fecal digestibility of minerals (P, Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Cu) and on performance. Four blocks, each with 8 pens of 7 pigs, were formed.

Interaction between protein, phytate, and microbial phytase. In vitro studies.

The interaction between protein and phytate was investigated in vitro using proteins extracted from five common feedstuffs and from casein. The appearance of naturally present soluble protein-phytate complexes in the feedstuffs, the formation of complexes at different pHs, and the degradation of these complexes by pepsin and/or phytase were studied. Complexes of soluble proteins and phytate in the extracts appeared in small amounts only, with the possible exception of rice pollards.

Dietary fiber stabilizes blood glucose and insulin levels and reduces physical activity in sows (Sus scrofa).

The aim of this study was to test whether a diet with a high level of fermentable dietary fiber can stabilize interprandial blood glucose and insulin levels, prevent declines below basal levels, and reduce physical activity in limited-fed breeding sows. Stable levels of glucose and insulin may prevent interprandial feelings of hunger and, consequently, increased activity. Catheterized sows (n = 10) were fed twice daily (0700 and 1900 h) 900 g of a diet with either a low (L-sows) or a high level of fermentable dietary fiber (H-sows; sugarbeet pulp).

Performance of male pigs immunized against GnRH is related to the time of onset of biological response.

In this study, the performance of male pigs immunized against GnRH was determined in relation to the onset of their biological response to the immunization. Pigs were immunized at 9 and 17 wk of age and were housed in a pen together with both a surgically castrated and an intact boar littermate. Feed intake was restricted to 2.

Nutritive value of the meat and bone meals from cattle or pigs in broiler diets.

The nutritive value of meat and bone meals (MBM) was assessed for broilers. The MBM was produced according to the revised (pressure) processing system ordered by the European Union (EC 96/449). Three batches of MBM from cattle (MBMcattle) and three from pigs (MBMpig) with different ash contents (224, 306, 387, and 209,293, 430 g/kg, respectively) were tested for digestibility at a 10% inclusion level.

[Organic pig farming: what about parasitic infections?].

The parasitological problems that may arise in organic pig farming are discussed. The rearing of pigs outdoors increases substantially the chances that several parasite species will complete their life cycle. Moreover, zoonoses may play an important role.

Effects of dietary carbohydrates and buffering capacity on nutrient digestibility and manure characteristics in finishing pigs.

A 2 x 3 factorial experiment was conducted with 24 finishing pigs (Yorkshire x [Finnish Landrace x Dutch Landrace]) to determine the effects of dietary buffering capacity (BC) and carbohydrate sources on apparent total tract digestibility (TD), N retention, and manure characteristics. Twelve of these pigs were fitted with steered ileo-cecal value cannulas to measure the apparent ileal digestibility (ID) of N. Experimental variables were two levels of BC (High = 600 mEq/kg and Low = 530 mEq/kg) and three dietary carbohydrates (tapioca [28%], soybean hulls [25%], and sugar beet pulp [25%]).

The effects of calcium benzoate in diets with or without organic acids on dietary buffering capacity, apparent digestibility, retention of nutrients, and manure characteristics in swine.

Eight barrows (Yorkshire x [Finnish Landrace x Dutch Landrace]), initially 30 kg BW, were fitted with ileal cannulas to evaluate the effects of supplementing Ca benzoate (2.4%) and organic acids (OA) in the amount of 300 mEq acid/kg feed on dietary buffering capacity (BC), apparent digestibility and retention of nutrients, and manure characteristics. Swine were allotted in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments according to a cyclic (8 x 5) changeover design.

Quantification of inositol phosphates using (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in animal nutrition.

A (31)P NMR method for quantitative determination of inositol phosphates in simple incubation samples of sodium phytate and Aspergillus niger phytase and in different types of complex samples, such as diets, digesta, and feces, is described. The inositol phosphates in complex samples were extracted with HCl, concentrated, and purified using freeze-drying and filtration and subsequently determined at pH 12.6 in aqueous solution using a (31)P NMR method.

Effect of the ratio between essential and nonessential amino acids in the diet on utilization of nitrogen and amino acids by growing pigs.

In 36 growing pigs (30 to 60 kg), N balance and amino acid (AA) composition of weight gain were measured to evaluate the interactive effect of the ratio between N from essential amino acids (EAA(N)) to nonessential amino acids (NEAA(N)) and total N level (T(N)) in the diet on N retention and utilization of N, EAA(N), NEAA(N), and AA. Nine diets composed from ordinary feedstuffs and supplemented with crystalline AA were used (three EAA(N):NEAA(N) ratios of 38:62, 50:50, and 62:38 at three T(N) levels of 18.8, 22.

Environmental concerns about animal manure.

The structure of swine production has changed dramatically in the last four decades. Raw materials for swine feeds are often grown in regions other than where swine production takes place. Swine manure is mostly spread in the neighborhood of the facilities, which may lead to soil accumulation of minerals such as P, Cu, and Zn.

Non-starch polysaccharides in pig feeding.

In pigs and humans, the nutrients starch, protein, fat and some minerals need to be digested prior to the terminal ileum for optimal use of these nutrients. In contrast, the non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are mainly fermented by microbes in the hindgut. Results of experiments in pigs showed that NSP negatively affected apparent digestion of protein, fat and some minerals.

Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on pork quality.

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on pork quality, and in particular on colour stability. Crossbred pigs (n = 72) at a mean weight of 44 kg were assigned to one of two treatments. One group received, during a period of 84 days prior to slaughter, a tapioca based diet, which contained 8 mg vitamin E per kg feed.

Impact of nutrition on reduction of environmental pollution by pigs: an overview of recent research.

This paper focuses on research with pigs carried out primarily at the ID-DLO in the Netherlands with the aim to reduce environmental pollution with nitrogen and phosphorus by changing the diet of the animals while maintaining their health and performance. The excretion of phosphorus (P) per growing pig has been more than halved in the last 20 years as a result of intensive nutritional research on P digestibility, requirements for P, and on the efficacy of microbial phytase in pig feeds. Also, nitrogen (N) excretion can be reduced substantially, but this knowledge has not been put into practice as yet.

Effect of resistant starch on net portal-drained viscera flux of glucose, volatile fatty acids, urea, and ammonia in growing pigs.

Net portal-drained viscera (PDV) flux of glucose, VFA, ammonia, and urea was determined in pigs fed diets with or without resistant starch. Diets consisted of 65% cornstarch (diet CS), 32.5% cornstarch and 32.

The effects of sow parity on digestibility of proximate components and minerals during lactation as influenced by diet and microbial phytase supplementation.

Ninety-six (Finnish Landrace x Dutch Landrace) reproductive sows were used at parities 1, 3, 5, and 7 + 8 from d 107 of gestation to d 21 of lactation to investigate the effects of diet and parity on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). Animals were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were 1) a P-deficient (1.

Factors affecting phosphorus and calcium digestibility in diets for growing-finishing pigs.

In two experiments, we investigated various factors that affect the estimation of the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, Ca, and total P in diets for growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, the effects of age, housing, and calculation method (indicator [Cr2O3] vs 10-d total collection) were determined.