Co-delivery of GPI-anchored CCL28 and influenza HA in chimeric virus-like particles induces cross-protective immunity against H3N2 viruses.

Influenza infection typically initiates at respiratory mucosal surfaces. Induction of immune responses at the sites where pathogens initiate replication is crucial for the prevention of infection. We studied the adjuvanticity of GPI-anchored CCL28 co-incorporated with influenza HA-antigens in chimeric virus-like particles (cVLPs), in boosting strong protective immune responses through an intranasal (i.

Functional Specialty of CD40 and Dendritic Cell Surface Lectins for Exogenous Antigen Presentation to CD8(+) and CD4(+) T Cells.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen-presenting cells that can efficiently prime and cross-prime antigen-specific T cells. Delivering antigen to DCs via surface receptors is thus an appealing strategy to evoke cellular immunity. Nonetheless, which DC surface receptor to target to yield the optimal CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses remains elusive.

X-ray tomography of morphological changes after freeze/thaw in gas diffusion layers.

Liquid water produced in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell experiences a freeze/thaw cycle when the cell is switched off and on while operating at ambient temperatures below freezing. This freeze/thaw cycle permanently deforms the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell capillary structures and reduces both the cell life and its ability to generate electric power. The X-ray tomography facility at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory was used to observe the freeze/thaw effects on the gas diffusion layer (GDL), which is the thickest capillary layer in the cell.