Variable aperture controlled by microelectrofluidic iris.

This Letter presents an adaptive liquid iris based on microelectrofluidic technology with experimental results. In the microelectrofluidic iris (MEFI), the electrostatic force generated by electrowetting in a surface channel unbalances the Laplace pressure acting on two fluidic interfaces between air and a light-absorbing liquid in two connected surface channels in a chamber. Then, the changed net pressure makes the iris aperture of the liquid diaphragm adjustable.

Zoom lens design using liquid lens for laparoscope.

Traditional laparoscopic optical systems consisting of about 30 lenses have low optical magnification. To magnify tissue during surgical operations, one must change from one laparoscope to another or use a magnifying adapter between the laparoscope and the sensor. Our work focuses on how to change the sag of a liquid lens while zooming from 1 × zoom, to 2 × , and 4 × in an optical design for a laparoscope.

Adaptive optical probe design for optical coherence tomography and microscopy using tunable optics.

We present a tunable, adaptive optical imaging probe for multimodal imaging such as optical coherence tomography and microscopy. The probe is compatible with forward-looking scanning laser imaging devices such as an endoscope. The lens configuration includes a tunable iris and two varifocal lenses, both driven by microelectrofluidics, as well as several conventional fixed focus lenses.

Varifocal liquid lens based on microelectrofluidic technology.

This Letter presents a tunable liquid lens based on microelectrofluidic technology. In the microelectrofluidic lens (MEFL), electrowetting in the hydrophobic surface channel induces the Laplace pressure difference between two fluidic interfaces on the lens aperture and the surface channel. Then, the pressure difference makes the lens curvature tunable.

An electrochemical route to graphene oxide.

Large-scale graphene oxide (GO) with adjustable resistivity was synthesized from graphite via an electrochemical method using KCl solution as an effective electrolyte. During the exfoliation process, electrostatic force intercalates chloride ions between the expanded graphite layers on the anode. These chloride ions form small gas bubbles between the graphite layers in the electrochemical reaction.

Wettability control of a transparent substrate using ZnO nanorods.

This paper presents a simple way of controlling the wettability of a structured surface with ZnO nanorods on a transparent substrate. A combination of ZnO nanostructures and stearic acid was used to create superhydrophobic surfaces with the potential properties of being self-cleaning, waterproof, and antifog. ZnO nanorods were uniformly covered on glass substrates through a simple hydrothermal method with varying growth time which affects the surface morphology.

Electrical characteristics of various submucosal injection fluids for endoscopic mucosal resection.

Submucosal fluid injection, prerequisite to endoscopic mucosal resection, necessitates detailed evaluation for proper selection. We aimed to compare height of gastric tissues after submucosal injection, and to verify electrical implications of injectants. Porcine stomach pieces were cut out, and eight solutions were used: normal saline, 0.