Promotion of Bone Formation in a Rat Osteoporotic Vertebral Body Defect Model via Suppression of Osteoclastogenesis by Ectopic Embryonic Calvaria Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) are the most prevalent fractures among patients with osteoporosis, leading to severe pain, deformities, and even death. This study explored the use of ectopic embryonic calvaria derived mesenchymal stem cells (EE-cMSCs), which are known for their superior differentiation and proliferation capabilities, as a potential treatment for bone regeneration in OVCFs. We evaluated the impact of EE-cMSCs on osteoclastogenesis in a RAW264.

Advanced PLGA hybrid scaffold with a bioactive PDRN/BMP2 nanocomplex for angiogenesis and bone regeneration using human fetal MSCs.

Biodegradable polymers have been used with various systems for tissue engineering. Among them, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) has been widely used as a biomaterial for bone regeneration because of its great biocompatibility and biodegradability properties. However, there remain substantial cruxes that the by-products of PLGA result in an acidic environment at the implanting site, and the polymer has a weak mechanical property.

Avian blastoderm dormancy arrests cells in G and suppresses apoptosis.

In most avian species, the early embryo suspends development when the ambient temperature is too low; the resultant dormant state is called cold torpor. However, very little is known about dormant avian embryos at the cellular level. To investigate the molecular processes that occur in the chicken blastoderm during cold torpor, we performed transcriptome analysis and investigated cellular responses in dormant embryos.

Regulatory elements and transcriptional control of chicken homologue () promoter in chicken primordial germ cells.

Background: Primordial germ cells (PGCs), the precursors of functional gametes, have distinct characteristics and exhibit several unique molecular mechanisms to maintain pluripotency and germness in comparison to somatic cells. They express germ cell-specific RNA binding proteins (RBPs) by modulating tissue-specific - and -regulatory elements. Studies on gene structures of chicken homologue (), a chicken RNA binding protein, involved in temporal and spatial regulation are thus important not only for understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate germ cell fate, but also for practical applications of primordial germ cells.

Axin expression in thymic stromal cells contributes to an age-related increase in thymic adiposity and is associated with reduced thymopoiesis independently of ghrelin signaling.

The adipocytes are the predominant cell types that constitute the bulk of the thymic microenvironment by the fifth decade of life in healthy humans. An age-related increase in thymic adiposity is associated with reduced thymopoiesis and compromised immune surveillance in the elderly. However, the mechanisms regulating the generation of intrathymic adipocytes during aging remain to be elucidated.

Genetic variability affects the development of brown adipocytes in white fat but not in interscapular brown fat.

Cold exposure induces brown adipocytes in retroperitoneal fat (RP) of adult A/J mice but not in C57BL/6J (B6) mice. In contrast, induction of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 gene (Ucp1) in interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) shows no strain dependence. We now show that unlike iBAT, in which Ucp1 was expressed in the fetus and continued throughout life, in RP, Ucp1 was transiently expressed between 10 and 30 days of age and then disappeared.

Scarless skin repair in immunodeficient mice.

Scarring, the end result of the wound healing process in adult mammals, is a problem of significant clinical importance. We observed that athymic nude-nu mice, similar to mammalian fetuses, are able to restore the structure and integrity of injured skin through a process resembling regeneration, where scar formation is absent. Among the postinjured skin tissues collected from athymic nude-nu, wild-type controls (C57BL/6J), severe-combined immunodeficient, Rag (lack of B and T cells), athymic (thymectomized neonates and adult C57BL/6J), and mice treated with an immunosuppressant (cyclosporin A), only athymic nude-nu mice showed: a lack of scar by histological examination (hematoxylin & eosin and Masson's trichrome staining), low levels of collagen (as determined by hydroxyproline content), high levels of hyaluronic acid, a statistically significant increase in elastic modulus for injured samples over unwounded (biomechanical testing) and low levels of the pro-scarring cytokines platelet-derived growth factor-B and transforming growth factor beta1.

Changes in gene expression foreshadow diet-induced obesity in genetically identical mice.

High phenotypic variation in diet-induced obesity in male C57BL/6J inbred mice suggests a molecular model to investigate non-genetic mechanisms of obesity. Feeding mice a high-fat diet beginning at 8 wk of age resulted in a 4-fold difference in adiposity. The phenotypes of mice characteristic of high or low gainers were evident by 6 wk of age, when mice were still on a low-fat diet; they were amplified after being switched to the high-fat diet and persisted even after the obesogenic protocol was interrupted with a calorically restricted, low-fat chow diet.

Transcriptional synergy and the regulation of Ucp1 during brown adipocyte induction in white fat depots.

Induction of brown adipocytes in white fat depots by adrenergic stimulation is a complex genetic trait in mice that affects the ability of the animal to regulate body weight. An 80-fold difference in expression of the mitochondrial uncoupling gene (Ucp1) at the mRNA and protein levels between A/J and C57BL/6J (B6) mice is controlled by allelic interactions among nine quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on eight chromosomes. Overlapping patterns of these QTLs also regulate expression levels of Pgc-1alpha, Pparalpha, and type 2 deiodinase.

Mesenchymal stem cells from the outer ear: a novel adult stem cell model system for the study of adipogenesis.

Adipocytes arise from multipotent stem cells of mesodermal origin, which also give rise to the muscle, bone, and cartilage lineages. However, signals and early molecular events that commit multipotent stem cells into the adipocyte lineage are not well established mainly due to lack of an adequate model system. We have identified a novel source of adult stem cells from the external murine ears referred to here as an ear mesenchymal stem cells (EMSC).