Ginsenoside-Re inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by downregulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways.

Background: Ginsenosides are main active compounds of Panax ginseng with pharmacological effects on immunological/neurological diseases. Recently, ginsenoside-Re (G-Re) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, whether G-Re has an effect on multiple sclerosis (MS), a representative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), has not been revealed yet.

Korean Red Ginseng extract ameliorates demyelination by inhibiting infiltration and activation of immune cells in cuprizone-administrated mice.

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), the steamed root of , has pharmacological activities for immunological and neurodegenerative disorders. But, the role of KRGE in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear.

Purpose: To determine whether KRG extract (KRGE) could inhibit demyelination in corpus callosum (CC) of cuprizone (CPZ)-induced murine model of MS.

Gintonin, a ginseng-derived LPA receptor ligand, attenuates kainic acid-induced seizures and neuronal cell death in the hippocampus via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities.

Background: Gintonin (GT), a -derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR) ligand, has positive effects in cultured or animal models for Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and so on. However, the potential therapeutic value of GT in treating epilepsy has not yet been reported.

Methods: Effects of GT on epileptic seizure (seizure) in kainic acid [KA, 55mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.

Micrandilactone C, a Nortriterpenoid Isolated from Roots of , Ameliorates Huntington's Disease by Inhibiting Microglial STAT3 Pathways.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the motor control system of the brain. Its pathological mechanism and therapeutic strategies have not been fully elucidated yet. The neuroprotective value of micrandilactone C (MC), a new schiartane nortriterpenoid isolated from the roots of Schisandra chinensis, is not well-known either.

Neuroprotective effects of bornyl acetate on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via anti-inflammatory effects and maintaining blood-brain-barrier integrity.

Background: Bornyl acetate (BA), a chemical component of essential oil in the Pinus family, has yet to be actively studies in terms of its therapeutic effect on numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of BA on myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), a representative autoimmune disease in central nervous system.

Methods: BA (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) was orally treated to EAE mice once daily for 30 days after immunization for the behavioral test and for the 16th-18th days for the histopathological and molecular analyses, from the onset stage (8th day) of EAE symptoms.

Syringaresinol Alleviates Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain Symptoms by Inhibiting the Inflammatory Responses of Spinal Microglia.

Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) is a serious side effect that impairs the quality of life of patients treated with the chemotherapeutic agent, oxaliplatin. The underlying pathophysiology of OIPN remains unclear, and there are no effective therapeutics. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between spinal microglial activation and OIPN and explore the analgesic effects of syringaresinol, a phytochemical from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia, on OIPN symptoms.

Sensory neuronopathy in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1: A case report.

Rationale: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) can manifest with various neurological symptoms. However, sensory ataxia has not been reported.

Patient Concerns: A 44-year-old man with NF-1 presented with several weeks of unsteady gait.

Can help control cytokine storm in COVID-19?

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 are directly associated with hyper-activation of innate immune response that excessively produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce cytokine storm, leading to multi-organ-failure and significant morbidity/mortality. Currently, several antiviral drugs such as Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) and molnupiravir are authorized to treat mild to moderate COVID-19, however, there are still no drugs that can specifically fight against challenges of SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Inhibition of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1-3 deteriorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing oxidative stress.

Background: Lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors involved in many physiological functions in the central nervous system. However, the role of the LPARs in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been clearly defined yet.

Methods: Here, we investigated the roles of LPARs in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS.

Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract inhibits blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by modulating expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are primarily characterized as dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Ginsenoside-Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract (Rg3-KRGE) is known to exert neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects on neurological disorders. However, effects of Rg3-KRGE in EAE remain unclear.

Ginseng gintonin attenuates the disruptions of brain microvascular permeability and microvascular endothelium junctional proteins in an APPswe/PSEN-1 double-transgenic mouse model of Αlzheimer's disease.

It has been previously indicated that gintonin, which is a novel exogenous ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand, restores memory dysfunctions in an APPswe/PSEN-1 double-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD Tg mice) by attenuating β-amyloid plaque deposition, recovering cholinergic dysfunctions and upregulating hippocampal neurogenesis in the cortex and hippocampus. Although β-amyloid plaque depositions in AD is accompanied with disruptions of brain microvessels, including the brain-blood barrier (BBB), it is unknown whether gintonin exerts protective effects on brain microvascular dysfunctions in AD Tg mice. In the present study, the effects of gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) on the changes in β-amyloid plaque depositions, brain permeability of Evans blue, and microvascular junctional proteins were investigated in AD Tg mice.

Gintonin mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stabilization of Nrf2 signaling via stimulation of lysophosphatidic acid receptors.

Gintonin (GT), a glycolipoprotein fraction isolated from ginseng, exerts neuroprotective effects in models of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, the in vivo role of GT in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been clearly resolved. We investigated the effect of GT in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS.

Korean Red Ginseng alleviates dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats via its antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Background: Beneficial effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) remains unclear.

Methods: We examined whether pretreatment (daily from 2 hours before PCOS induction) with KRG extract in water (KRGE; 75 and 150 mg/kg/day, p.o.

Effects of a gintonin-enriched fraction on hair growth: an and study.

Background: Ginseng has been widely used as a health-promoting tonic. Gintonin present in ginseng acts as a lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand that activates six LPA receptor subtypes. The LPA6 subtype plays a key role in normal hair growth, and mutations in the LPA6 receptor impair normal human hair growth.

Exerts Antidepressant-Like Effects Through Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities by Inhibiting Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Associated with Chronic Restraint Stress.

Although depression is the most common psychiatric disorder, its pharmacological properties are not well known yet. It has been reported that (VF) extract is beneficial for several neurological diseases. However, little information is available regarding its antidepressant activity.

Gintonin, a ginseng-derived ingredient, as a novel therapeutic strategy for Huntington's disease: Activation of the Nrf2 pathway through lysophosphatidic acid receptors.

Gintonin (GT), a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, regulates various cellular effects and represses inflammation. However, little is known about the potential value of GT regarding inflammation in the neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease (HD). In this study, we investigated whether GT could ameliorate the neurological impairment and striatal toxicity in cellular or animal model of HD.

Neuroprotective Effects of a Traditional Multi-Herbal Medicine Kyung-Ok-Ko in an Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease: Inhibition of MAPKs and NF-κB Pathways and Activation of Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway.

Kyung-Ok-Ko (KOK), a traditional multi-herbal medicine, has been widely used in Oriental medicine as a restorative that can enforce vitality of whole organs and as a medicine that can treat age-related symptoms including lack of vigor and weakened immunity. However, the beneficial effect of KOK on neurological diseases such as Parkinson's diseases (PD) is largely unknown. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the protective effect of KOK on neurotoxicity in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD.

An Improved Dehydroepiandrosterone-Induced Rat Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Post-pubertal Improve PCOS's Features.

Complete animal models investigating the pathogenesis and treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are not completely established. Although dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced pre-pubertal rat model for PCOS has been widely used, the model exhibits weaknesses such as decreased ovary weight. Here, we report an innovative DHEA-induced PCOS model that addresses limitations of the pre-pubertal model.

Multitarget effects of Korean Red Ginseng in animal model of Parkinson's disease: antiapoptosis, antioxidant, antiinflammation, and maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity.

Background: Ginsenosides are the main ingredients of Korean Red Ginseng. They have extensively been studied for their beneficial value in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the multitarget effects of Korean Red Ginseng extract (KRGE) with various components are unclear.

Multi-Target Protective Effects of Gintonin in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-Mediated Model of Parkinson's Disease via Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors.

Gintonin is a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR) ligand. Although previous and studies demonstrated the therapeutic role of gintonin against Alzheimer's disease, the neuroprotective effects of gintonin in Parkinson's disease (PD) are still unknown. We investigated whether gintonin (50 and 100 mg/kg/day, p.

exerts antidepressant-like effects by suppressing neuroinflammatory response and upregulating nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 signaling in the amygdala.

Background: Depression is one of the most commonly diagnosed neuropsychiatric diseases, but the underlying mechanism and medicine are not well-known. Although has been reported to exert protective effects in various neurological studies, little information is available regarding its antidepressant effects.

Methods: Here, we examined the antidepressant effect and underlying mechanism of extract (PGE) in a chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced depression model in mice.

Stem Ameliorates 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Striatal Toxicity via Activation of the Nrf2 Pathway and Inhibition of the MAPKs and NF-κB Pathways.

The beneficial value of the stems of (SSC) in neurological diseases is unclear. We examined whether SSC aqueous extract (SSCE) alleviates striatal toxicity in a 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)-induced mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD). SSCE (75, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day, p.

Oriental Medicine Woohwangchungsimwon Attenuates Kainic Acid-Induced Seizures and Neuronal Cell Death in the Hippocampus.

Woohwangchungsimwon (WCW) is an oriental medicine that has been extensively prescribed in Asia to patients with apoplexy, high blood pressure, acute/chronic convulsion, and so on. However, the potential therapeutic value of WCW in treating the pathologic brain has not yet been fully investigated. In the present study, we evaluated whether WCW has beneficial effects on kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity.