The use of pastoral and spiritual support in bereavement care.

For many people, the death of a loved one can result in feelings of shock, numbness or denial, even though they may have been expecting it for some time. Pastoral and spiritual care is a vital part of an authentic, holistic health care service. Nurses need to be aware of the needs of relatives and friends of the deceased and understand their role in practical matters such as death certificates, cremation forms and last offices.

The development of best practice in breaking bad news to patients.

There can be few tasks that a health care practitioner has to undertake that impact more upon patients and their relatives, than that of breaking bad news. Consideration needs to be given to the people involved, the communication process, and the environment. This article highlights the issues that make for best practice in this important area of care--including who gives the information, how it is presented, and the nature of the environment where it is given.