Optimizing application of dairy effluent with synthetic N fertilizer reduced nitrogen leaching in clay loam soil.

High application rates of dairy effluent and manure are often associated with nitrogen (N) leaching, which can affect groundwater quality. Here, we used a lysimeter to examine N leaching losses and biomass yield following application of dairy effluent and manure under wheat-maize cropping. The field experiment included seven treatments: no N fertilizer (Control); 200/300 kg N ha synthetic N fertilizer only (wheat/maize) (CN); 100/150 kg N ha synthetic N fertilizer plus 100/150 (DE1), 150/200 (DE2) and 250/350 (DE3) kg N ha dairy effluent; 100/150 kg N ha synthetic fertilizer plus 100/150 kg N ha dairy manure (SM1); and 150/225 kg N ha synthetic fertilizer plus 50/75 kg N ha dairy manure (SM2).

Relationship between temperature and Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes' susceptibility to pyrethroids and expression of metabolic enzymes.

Background: Malaria remains one of the most devastating diseases globally, and the control of mosquitoes as the vector is mainly dependent on chemical insecticides. Elevated temperatures associated with future warmer climates could affect mosquitoes' metabolic enzyme expression and increase insecticide resistance, making vector control difficult. Understanding how mosquito rearing temperatures influence their susceptibility to insecticide and expression of metabolic enzymes could aid in the development of novel tools and strategies to control mosquitoes in a future warmer climate.

Passive air monitoring of PCBs and PCNs across East Asia: a comprehensive congener evaluation for source characterization.

A comprehensive congener specific evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the atmosphere was conducted across East Asia in spring 2008, applying polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air sampler (PAS) as monitoring device. Mean concentrations derived for Japan, China and Korea were 184 ± 24, 1100 ± 118, and 156 ± 20 pg m(-3) for ∑(202) PCBs, and 9.5 ± 1.