Predicting Time to and Average Quality of Future Offers for Kidney Transplant Candidates Declining a Current Deceased Donor Kidney Offer: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: At the time a kidney offer is made by an organ donation organization (ODO), transplant physicians must inform candidates on the and of accepting or declining the offer. Although physicians have a general idea of expected wait time to kidney transplantation by blood group in their ODO, there are no tools that provide quantitative estimates based on the allocation score used and donor/candidate characteristics. This limits the shared decision-making process at the time of kidney offer as (1) the consequences of declining an offer in terms of wait-time prolongation cannot be provided and (2) the quality of the current offer cannot be compared with that of offers that could be made to the specific candidate in the future.

Tracking the contribution of multiple raw and treated wastewater discharges at an urban drinking water supply using near real-time monitoring of β-d-glucuronidase activity.

Past waterborne outbreaks have demonstrated that informed vulnerability assessment of drinking water supplies is paramount for the provision of safe drinking water. Although current monitoring frameworks are not designed to account for short-term peak concentrations of fecal microorganisms in source waters, the recent development of online microbial monitoring technologies is expected to fill this knowledge gap. In this study, online near real-time monitoring of β-d-glucuronidase (GLUC) activity was conducted for 1.

1.5 °C carbon budget dependent on carbon cycle uncertainty and future non-CO forcing.

Estimates of the 1.5 °C carbon budget vary widely among recent studies, emphasizing the need to better understand and quantify key sources of uncertainty. Here we quantify the impact of carbon cycle uncertainty and non-CO forcing on the 1.