Sauna exposure immediately prior to short-term heat acclimation accelerates phenotypic adaptation in females.

Objectives: Investigate whether a sauna exposure prior to short-term heat acclimation (HA) accelerates phenotypic adaptation in females.

Design: Randomised, repeated measures, cross-over trial.

Methods: Nine females performed two 5-d HA interventions (controlled hyperthermia T≥38.

Motivational processes and well-being in cardiac rehabilitation: a self-determination theory perspective.

This research examined the processes underpinning changes in psychological well-being and behavioural regulation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) patients using self-determination theory (SDT). A repeated measures design was used to identify the longitudinal relationships between SDT variables, psychological well-being and exercise behaviour during and following a structured CR programme. Participants were 389 cardiac patients (aged 36-84 years; M(age) = 64 ± 9 years; 34.

A 3-min all-out cycling test is sensitive to a change in critical power.

Purpose: The aim of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that a 3-min all-out cycling test would detect a change in critical power (CP) after a 4-wk interval training intervention.

Methods: Nine habitually active subjects completed a ramp test, two 3-min all-out tests to establish the end power (EP) and the work done above EP (WEP), and three predicting trials to establish CP and W' using the work-time model (W = CPt + W'). After 12 supervised high-intensity interval training sessions over 4 wk, subjects repeated the testing procedures.

Physiological and performance effects of low- versus mixed-intensity rowing training.

Purpose: To examine the impact of low-intensity and a mixture of low- and high-intensity training on physiological and performance responses in rowing.

Methods: Eighteen experienced rowers undertook a 12-wk program of 100% < or = lactate threshold (LT) training (LOW) or 70% training at < or = LT and 30% at halfway (50%Delta) between the V O2 at LT and V O2peak (MIX). Responses were assessed before and after training by a progressive exercise test to exhaustion; multiple "square-wave" rest-to-exercise transitions of 6-min duration at 50%Delta; and a maximal 2000-m ergometer time trial.

Robustness of a 3 min all-out cycling test to manipulations of power profile and cadence in humans.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether end-test power output (EP, synonymous with 'critical power') and the work done above EP (WEP) during a 3 min all-out cycling test against a fixed resistance were affected by the manipulation of cadence or pacing. Nine subjects performed a ramp test followed, in random order, by three cadence trials (in which flywheel resistance was manipulated to achieve end-test cadences which varied by approximately 20 r.p.

Determination of critical power using a 3-min all-out cycling test.

Purpose: We tested the hypothesis that the power output attained at the end of a 3-min all-out cycling test would be equivalent to critical power.

Methods: Ten habitually active subjects performed a ramp test, two 3-min all-out tests against a fixed resistance to establish the end-test power (EP) and the work done above the EP (WEP), and five constant-work rate tests to establish the critical power (CP) and the curvature constant parameter (W') using the work-time and 1/time models.

Results: The power output in the 3-min trial declined to a steady level within 135 s.

Comparison of the oxygen uptake kinetics of club and olympic champion rowers.

Purpose: To test the hypothesis that elite rowers would possess a faster, more economic oxygen uptake response than club standard rowers.

Methods: Eight Olympic champion (ELITE) rowers were compared with a cohort of eight club standard (CLUB) rowers. Participants completed a progressive exercise test to exhaustion, repeated 6-min moderate and heavy square-wave transitions, and a maximal 2000-m ergometer time trial.

A 3-min all-out test to determine peak oxygen uptake and the maximal steady state.

Purpose: We tested the hypothesis that a 3-min all-out cycling test would provide a measure of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and estimate the maximal steady-state power output.

Methods: Eleven habitually active subjects performed a ramp test, three 3-min all-out tests against a fixed resistance, and two further submaximal tests lasting up to 30 min, 15 W below or above the power output attained in the last 30 s of the 3-min test (the end-test power).

Results: The VO2peak measured during the 3-min all-out test (mean +/- SD: 3.

Time required for the restoration of normal heavy exercise VO2 kinetics following prior heavy exercise.

Prior heavy exercise markedly alters the O2 uptake (VO2) response to subsequent heavy exercise. However, the time required for VO2 to return to its normal profile following prior heavy exercise is not known. Therefore, we examined the VO2 responses to repeated bouts of heavy exercise separated by five different recovery durations.

Influence of blood donation on O2 uptake on-kinetics, peak O2 uptake and time to exhaustion during severe-intensity cycle exercise in humans.

We hypothesized that the reduction of O2-carrying capacity caused by the withdrawal of approximately 450 ml blood would result in slower phase II O2 uptake (VO2) kinetics, a lower VO2peak and a reduced time to exhaustion during severe-intensity cycle exercise. Eleven healthy subjects (mean +/- S.D.

Effects of prior warm-up regime on severe-intensity cycling performance.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of three different warm-up regimes on cycling work output during a 7-min performance trial.

Methods: After habituation to the experimental methods, 12 well-trained cyclists completed a series of 7-min performance trials, involving 2 min of constant-work rate exercise at approximately 90% VO2max and a further 5 min during which subjects attempted to maximize power output. This trial was performed without prior intervention and 10 min after bouts of moderate, heavy, or sprint exercise in a random order.

Muscle glycogen depletion alters oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise.

Purpose: To test the hypothesis that muscle fiber recruitment patterns influence the oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetic response, constant-load exercise was performed after glycogen depletion of specific fiber pools.

Methods: After validation of protocols for the selective depletion of Type I and II muscle fibers, 19 subjects performed square-wave exercise at 80% VT (moderate) and at 50% of the difference between VT and VO2max (heavy) without any prior depleting exercise (CON), after HIGH (10 x 1-min exercise bouts at 120% VO2max), and after LOW (3 h of exercise at 30% VO2max) exercise.

Results: Differences in VO2 kinetic parameters were only observed in heavy exercise AFTER HIGH: the VO2 primary component was higher (1.

Oxygen uptake kinetics during moderate, heavy and severe intensity "submaximal" exercise in humans: the influence of muscle fibre type and capillarisation.

The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that muscle fibre type influences the oxygen uptake (.VO(2)) on-kinetic response (primary time constant; primary and slow component amplitudes) during moderate, heavy and severe intensity sub-maximal cycle exercise. Fourteen subjects [10 males, mean (SD) age 25 (4) years; mass 72.

Effect of pedal rate on primary and slow-component oxygen uptake responses during heavy-cycle exercise.

We hypothesized that a higher pedal rate (assumed to result in a greater proportional contribution of type II motor units) would be associated with an increased amplitude of the O(2) uptake (Vo(2)) slow component during heavy-cycle exercise. Ten subjects (mean +/- SD, age 26 +/- 4 yr, body mass 71.5 +/- 7.

Oxygen uptake kinetics during horizontal and uphill treadmill running in humans.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of increasing the ratio of concentric to eccentric muscle activation on oxygen uptake (VO(2)) kinetics during treadmill running. Nine subjects [2 women; mean (SD) age 29 (7) years, height 1.77 (0.

The effect of interdian and diurnal variation on oxygen uptake kinetics during treadmill running.

The aim of this study was to examine the variability of the oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetic response during moderate- and high-intensity treadmill exercise within the same day (at 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00 h) and across days (on five occasions). Nine participants (age 25 +/- 8 years, mass 70.2 +/- 4.

Effects of prior heavy exercise, prior sprint exercise and passive warming on oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise in humans.

Prior heavy exercise (above the lactate threshold, Th(la)) increases the amplitude of the primary oxygen uptake (VVO(2)) response and reduces the amplitude of the VO(2) slow component during subsequent heavy exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these effects required the prior performance of an identical bout of heavy exercise, or if prior short-duration sprint exercise could cause similar effects. A secondary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of elevating muscle temperature (through passive warming) on VO(2) kinetics during heavy exercise.

Effects of prior heavy exercise on VO(2) kinetics during heavy exercise are related to changes in muscle activity.

We hypothesized that the elevated primary O(2) uptake (VO(2)) amplitude during the second of two bouts of heavy cycle exercise would be accompanied by an increase in the integrated electromyogram (iEMG) measured from three leg muscles (gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis). Eight healthy men performed two 6-min bouts of heavy leg cycling (at 70% of the difference between the lactate threshold and peak VO(2)) separated by 12 min of recovery. The iEMG was measured throughout each exercise bout.

Oxygen uptake kinetics during treadmill running across exercise intensity domains.

The purpose of the present study was to examine comprehensively the kinetics of oxygen uptake (VO2) during treadmill running across the moderate, heavy and severe exercise intensity domains. Nine subjects [mean (SD age, 27 (7) years; mass, 69.8 (9.