Labeled images of emerged salmonids in a riverine environment.

Objectives: These data enable the development of machine learned models to detect unintended passage of salmonids over in-stream barriers. Such models are key to fully characterizing the effectiveness of selective passage systems, as they detect and quantify fish passage which occurs outside of the intended transit passage and selection mechanism. These data were used to construct custom surveillance tools for FishPass ( https://www.

Geological Net Zero and the need for disaggregated accounting for carbon sinks.

Achieving net zero global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO), with declining emissions of other greenhouse gases, is widely expected to halt global warming. CO emissions will continue to drive warming until fully balanced by active anthropogenic CO removals. For practical reasons, however, many greenhouse gas accounting systems allow some "passive" CO uptake, such as enhanced vegetation growth due to CO fertilisation, to be included as removals in the definition of net anthropogenic emissions.

Pharmacodynamic effects following co-administration of cannabinoids and opioids: a scoping review of human experimental studies.

Background: Cannabinoids are increasingly used in the management of chronic pain. Although analgesic potential has been demonstrated, cannabinoids interact with a range of bodily functions that are also influenced by chronic pain medications, including opioids.

Objective: We performed a scoping review of literature on the pharmacodynamic effects following the co-administration of cannabinoids and opioids.

Sea-surface temperature pattern effects have slowed global warming and biased warming-based constraints on climate sensitivity.

The observed rate of global warming since the 1970s has been proposed as a strong constraint on equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) and transient climate response (TCR)-key metrics of the global climate response to greenhouse-gas forcing. Using CMIP5/6 models, we show that the inter-model relationship between warming and these climate sensitivity metrics (the basis for the constraint) arises from a similarity in transient and equilibrium warming patterns within the models, producing an effective climate sensitivity (EffCS) governing recent warming that is comparable to the value of ECS governing long-term warming under CO[Formula: see text] forcing. However, CMIP5/6 historical simulations do not reproduce observed warming patterns.

A new conceptual model of global ocean heat uptake.

We formulate a new conceptual model, named "2", to describe global ocean heat uptake, as simulated by atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) forced by increasing atmospheric CO, as a function of global-mean surface temperature change and the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC, ). 2 has two routes whereby heat reaches the deep ocean. On the basis of circumstantial evidence, we hypothetically identify these routes as low- and high-latitude.

Participatory evaluation of the process of co-producing resources for the public on data science and artificial intelligence.

Background: The growth of data science and artificial intelligence offers novel healthcare applications and research possibilities. Patients should be able to make informed choices about using healthcare. Therefore, they must be provided with lay information about new technology.

Energy budget diagnosis of changing climate feedback.

The climate feedback determines how Earth's climate responds to anthropogenic forcing. It is thought to have been more negative in recent decades due to a sea surface temperature "pattern effect," whereby warming is concentrated in the western tropical Pacific, where nonlocal radiative feedbacks are very negative. This phenomenon has however primarily been studied within climate models.

Estimating Ocean Heat Uptake Using Boundary Green's Functions: A Perfect-Model Test of the Method.

Ocean heat uptake is caused by "excess heat" being added to the ocean surface by air-sea fluxes and then carried to depths by ocean transports. One way to estimate excess heat in the ocean is to propagate observed sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies downward using a Green's function (GF) representation of ocean transports. Taking a "perfect-model" approach, we test this GF method using a historical simulation, in which the true excess heat is diagnosed.

At the limit? Using operational data to estimate train driver human reliability.

Human reliability analysis plays an important role in the safety assessment and management of rail operations. This paper discusses how the increasing availability of operational data can be used to develop an understanding of train driver reliability. The paper derives human reliability data for two driving tasks, stopping at red signals and controlling speed on approach to buffer stops.

Impact of the national sarcoma guidelines on the prevalence and outcome of inadvertent excisions of soft tissue sarcomas: An observational study from a UK tertiary referral centre.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the impact of the national guideline on the prevalence and outcome in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) who had undergone inadvertent excisions.

Methods: A total of 2336 patients were referred to a tertiary sarcoma centre from six regions (North East, North West, East Midlands, West Midlands, Wales, and South West) in the United Kingdom with a diagnosis of STS between 1996 and 2016, of whom 561 patients (24.0%) had undergone inadvertent excisions.

Regional variation in the survival of patients with a soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremity and trunk wall under a centralized care system : what has been the impact of national policies in the UK?

Aims: While a centralized system for the care of patients with a sarcoma has been advocated for decades, regional variations in survival remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate regional variations in survival and the impact of national policies in patients with a soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) in the UK.

Methods: The study included 1,775 patients with a STS who were referred to a tertiary sarcoma centre.

Projected land ice contributions to twenty-first-century sea level rise.

The land ice contribution to global mean sea level rise has not yet been predicted using ice sheet and glacier models for the latest set of socio-economic scenarios, nor using coordinated exploration of uncertainties arising from the various computer models involved. Two recent international projects generated a large suite of projections using multiple models, but primarily used previous-generation scenarios and climate models, and could not fully explore known uncertainties. Here we estimate probability distributions for these projections under the new scenarios using statistical emulation of the ice sheet and glacier models.

A Daily Diagnostic Multidisciplinary Meeting to Reduce Time to Definitive Diagnosis in the Context of Primary Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcoma.

Background And Objectives: Cancer services are under increasing pressure to deliver waiting time targets. Our service has seen referral numbers increase to over 3000 per annum, with more than 80% coming from secondary care. In order to deliver a responsive service, the department has introduced a daily diagnostic multidisciplinary meeting (DMDT) with the aim being stratification of resources by directing rapid access to clinics and diagnostics to those felt to be at greatest risk of malignancy at the start of the pathway.

Venous thromboembolism in orthopaedic oncology.

Aims: Malignancy and surgery are risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE). We undertook a systematic review of the literature concerning the prophylactic management of VTE in orthopaedic oncology patients.

Methods: MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE (Ovid), Cochrane, and CINAHL databases were searched focusing on VTE, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), bleeding, or wound complication rates.

How Are Indeterminate Pulmonary Nodules at Diagnosis Associated with Survival in Patients with High-Grade Osteosarcoma?

Background: Pulmonary metastases are a poor prognostic factor in patients with osteosarcoma; however, the clinical significance of subcentimeter lung nodules and whether they represent a tumor is not fully known. Because the clinician is faced with decisions regarding biopsy, resection, or observation of lung nodules and the potential impact they have on decisions about resection of the primary tumor, this remains an area of uncertainty in patient treatment. Surgical management of the primary tumor is tailored to prognosis, and it is unclear how aggressively patients with indeterminate pulmonary nodules (IPNs), defined as nodules smaller than 1 cm at presentation, should be treated.

Comorbidities and Pregnancy Do Not Affect Local Recurrence in Patients With Giant Cell Tumour of Bone.

This study evaluates the relationship between pregnancy, comorbid conditions and giant cell tumour of bone. Furthermore, it examines if pregnancy and comorbid conditions affect the outcome following treatment for this tumour. A multi-centre retrospective review was conducted of consecutive patients with a confirmed histological diagnosis of giant cell tumour of bone between June 2012 and May 2017.

The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of superficial soft-tissue sarcomas.

Aims: The existing clinical guidelines do not describe a clear indication for adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) in the treatment of superficial soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). We aimed to determine the efficacy of adjuvant RT for superficial STSs.

Methods: We retrospectively studied 304 patients with superficial STS of the limbs and trunk who underwent surgical resection at a tertiary sarcoma centre.

Radiological Features of Giant Cell Tumours of Bone.

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate radiological measurements to establish the origin of giant cell tumours of bone. Methods A multi-centre retrospective review was conducted of patients with histologically confirmed giant cell tumours of bone. Images were analysed to estimate the centre of the tumour.

Secondary chondrosarcoma arising from osteochondroma: outcomes and prognostic factors.

Aims: The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of patients who underwent definitive surgery for secondary chondrosarcomas arising from osteochondromas.

Patients And Methods: A total of 51 patients with secondary chondrosarcomas occurring from osteochondromas were reviewed. Median age was 36 years (interquartile range (IQR) 15 to 82).

Patient Perceptions of the Impact of Treatment (Surgery and Radiotherapy) for Soft Tissue Sarcoma.

Background And Objectives: Treatment for soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is challenging for patients. This study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of patients' experiences of STS treatment, including whether the sequence of treatment (preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy) influences patient perceptions.

Methods: Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with nineteen patients who had been treated for STS with surgery and radiotherapy between 2011 and 2016.

Design and results of the ice sheet model initialisation experiments initMIP-Greenland: an ISMIP6 intercomparison.

Earlier large-scale Greenland ice sheet sea-level projections (e.g., those run during the ice2sea and SeaRISE initiatives) have shown that ice sheet initial conditions have a large effect on the projections and give rise to important uncertainties.

Localized synovial sarcoma: A single institutional study of 191 patients with a minimum follow-up of 5 years for survivors.

Purpose: Factors affecting long-term outcomes of synovial sarcoma (SS) remain unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the long-term oncological outcomes and prognostic factors in a large group of patients with surgically-treated localized SS.

Patients And Methods: Between 1980 and 2011, 191 patients (94 males and 97 females) were treated at a single hospital with a minimum follow-up of 5 years for survivors.