Intranasal Fentanyl and Midazolam Use in Children 3 Years of Age and Younger in the Emergency Department.

Background: Although the efficacy and safety profiles of both intranasal fentanyl and midazolam are well studied in pediatric patients, few studies examine their use in younger children.

Objectives: To examine and report our experiences in a pediatric emergency department (ED) with intranasal fentanyl and midazolam in children aged 3 years and younger.

Methods: This retrospective study investigated intranasal fentanyl and midazolam administration, alone and in combination, in children 3 years and younger treated in a pediatric ED.

Pneumorrhachis in a Pediatric Patient with an Isolated Back Injury.

Background: Pneumorrhachis is an uncommon radiographic finding and is typically found in adult patients secondary to trauma or pneumocephalus. It is extremely rare in the pediatric population. Our case report describes a young boy who was found to have pneumorrhachis, but initially presented with an isolated back laceration.