The NIDA Avenir award in genetics or epigenetics of substance use disorders.

NIDA's Avenir Program in the Genetics or Epigenetics of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) was launched to support early stage investigators who propose innovative, high risk, but potentially high impact research and who show promise of being tomorrow's leaders in this scientific field. Since 2015, NIDA has supported 30 Avenir Investigators with unique expertise and creative ideas. This special issue showcases how some of these ideas have germinated, flourished, and borne fruit.

Analysis of Access to Prescription Data Management Programs Data for Research.

This cross-sectional study examines the availability of prescription drug monitoring program data for research and whether those data can be linked to other data.

Untargeted Metabolomics: Biochemical Perturbations in Golestan Cohort Study Opium Users Inform Intervention Strategies.

Over 50 million people worldwide are estimated to use opioids, of which ~30 million use opiates (opium and its derivatives). Use of opiates has been associated with a variety of adverse complications such as neurological and behavioral outcomes, addiction, cancers, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. While it is well known that opiates exert their neurobiological effects through binding with mu, kappa, and delta receptors to exert analgesic and sedative effects, mechanistic links to other health effects are not well understood.

Defining Substance Use Disorders: The Need for Peripheral Biomarkers.

Addiction is a brain disease, and current diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders (SUDs) are qualitative. Nevertheless, scientific advances are beginning to characterize neurobiological domains. Combining multiple units of measure may provide an opportunity to deconstruct the heterogeneities of a SUD and define endophenotypes by using peripheral biospecimens.

Deep imaging technology needed for NIH BRAIN initiative.

This opinion piece discusses potential funding opportunities by the NIH BRAIN initiative to support the development of deep imaging technologies.

Molecular neuroanatomy: a generation of progress.

The neuroscience research landscape has changed dramatically over the past decade. Specifically, an impressive array of new tools and technologies have been generated, including but not limited to: brain gene expression atlases, genetically encoded proteins to monitor and manipulate neuronal activity, and new methods for imaging and mapping circuits. However, despite these technological advances, several significant challenges must be overcome to enable a better understanding of brain function and to develop cell type-targeted therapeutics to treat brain disorders.

Definitive surgical treatment of enterocutaneous fistula: outcomes of a 23-year experience.

Objective: To analyze postoperative outcomes, morbidity, and mortality following enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) takedown.

Design, Setting, And Patients: Retrospective review of the complete medical records of patients who presented to a single tertiary care referral center from December 24, 1987, to June 18, 2010, and subsequently underwent definitive surgical treatment for ECF originating from the stomach, small bowel, colon, or rectum.

Main Outcome Measures: Postoperative fistula recurrence and mortality.

An alternative method of management of pediatric airway foreign bodies in the absence of rigid bronchoscopy.

Objective: Pediatric airway foreign body aspiration is a life-threatening clinical entity. The standard of care for managing this situation is endoscopic retrieval using rigid bronchoscopy. However in resource-limited settings rigid bronchoscopy may not be available.

Is it possible to train surgeons for rural Africa? A report of a successful international program.

Background: The critical shortage of surgeons and access to surgical care in Africa is increasingly being recognized as a global health crisis. Across Africa, there is only one surgeon for every 250,000 people and only one for every 2.5 million of those living in rural areas.

Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy: an analysis of outcomes in 17,199 patients using ACS/NSQIP.

Background: The current study was undertaken to evaluate the outcomes for open and laparoscopic appendectomy using the 2008 American College of Surgeons: National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS/NSQIP) Participant Use File (PUF). We hypothesized that laparoscopic appendectomy would have fewer infectious complications, superior perioperative outcomes, and decreased morbidity and mortality when compared to open appendectomy.

Study Design: Using the Current Procedural Technology (CPT) codes for open (44950) and laparoscopic (44970) appendectomy, 17, 199 patients were identified from the ACS/NSQIP PUF file that underwent appendectomy in 2008.

The knockout mouse project.

Mouse knockout technology provides a powerful means of elucidating gene function in vivo, and a publicly available genome-wide collection of mouse knockouts would be significantly enabling for biomedical discovery. To date, published knockouts exist for only about 10% of mouse genes. Furthermore, many of these are limited in utility because they have not been made or phenotyped in standardized ways, and many are not freely available to researchers.

Making connections: the development of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons.

The disorders of two adjacent sets of mesencephalic dopaminergic (MDNs) are associated with two significant health problems: Parkinson's disease and drug addiction. Because of this, a great deal of research has focused on understanding the growth, development and maintenance of MDNs. Many transcription factors and signaling pathways are known to be required for normal MDNs formation, but a unified model of MDN development is still unclear.

Gene expression profiling: methodological challenges, results, and prospects for addiction research.

This review describes the current methods used to profile gene expression. These methods include microarrays, spotted arrays, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), and massive parallel signature sequencing (MPSS). Methodological and statistical problems in interpreting microarray and spotted array experiments are also discussed.