Generation of Novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants on the B.1.1.7 Lineage in 3 Patients With Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Disease.

The emergence of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants is of public health concern in case of vaccine escape. Described are 3 patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection in whom there is evidence of selection and persistence of novel mutations that are associated with increased transmissibility and immune escape.

Patient characteristics and severity of human rhinovirus infections in children.

Background: It is increasingly recognized that human rhinoviruses (HRV) can be associated with severe infections. However, conflicting results have been reported on the relative prevalence and severity of the three HRV species.

Objectives: The relative prevalence and clinical characteristics of HRV-A, B and C, in children attending a South London teaching hospital were investigated retrospectively.

Lineages, sub-lineages and variants of enterovirus 68 in recent outbreaks.

Enterovirus 68 (EV68) was first isolated in 1962. Very few cases of EV68 infection were described over the ensuing 40 years. However, in the past few years, an increase in severe respiratory tract infections associated with EV68 has been reported.

Human papillomavirus detection in dysplastic and malignant oral verrucous lesions.

The role of human papillomaviruses (HPV) in dysplastic and malignant oral verrucous lesions is controversial since there is a wide range in the incidence of virus detection. This study used a multi-tiered method of HPV detection using DNA in-situ hybridisation (ISH) for low- and high-risk subtypes, consensus PCR, and HPV genotype analysis in archival tissue from 20 cases of dysplastic and malignant oral verrucous lesions. The biological significance of HPV DNA detection was assessed by p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC).

Evaluation of human papillomavirus testing for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil in clinical practice.

Background: Oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a subtype of head-and-neck cancer with a distinct clinical and prognostic profile. While there are calls to undertake HPV testing for oropharyngeal SCCs within the diagnostic setting and for clinical trials, there are currently no internationally accepted standards.

Methods: 142 tonsil SCCs were tested using p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC), high-risk HPV DNA in situ hybridisation (ISH) and HPV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR; GP5+/6+ primers).

Evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the VP1 gene.

Human enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is one of the major etiologic causes of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) among young children worldwide, with fatal instances of neurological complications becoming increasingly common. Global VP1 capsid sequences (n = 628) sampled over 4 decades were collected and subjected to comprehensive evolutionary analysis using a suite of phylogenetic and population genetic methods. We estimated that the common ancestor of human EV-71 likely emerged around 1941 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1929 to 1952), subsequently diverging into three genogroups: B, C, and the now extinct genogroup A.

Molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 in the United Kingdom from 1998 to 2006.

The last decade witnessed a significant increase in epidemic activity of human enterovirus 71 (EV71) in the Western Pacific Region (WPR). In most European countries, this risk is unrecognized despite occasional cases of severe disease and two severe outbreaks in Eastern Europe 30 years ago. In this study we report the first examination of the molecular epidemiology of EV71 in the United Kingdom from 1998 to 2006.

Genetic evolution of enterovirus 71: epidemiological and pathological implications.

Since its discovery in the 1970s, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has become one of the most pathogenic enterovirus serotypes causing recurrent outbreaks in different parts of the world. Three waves of outbreaks globally have been recorded over the last three decades and more recently active circulation of EV71 is evident amongst countries in South East Asia and beyond. There is evidence of a continuous evolution in its genetic make up which is likely to impact on its epidemiology and pathological potential.

Analyses of variant human papillomavirus type-16 E5 proteins for their ability to induce mitogenesis of murine fibroblasts.

Background: Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E5 protein co-operates with epidermal growth factor to stimulate mitogenesis of murine fibroblasts. Currently, little is known about which viral amino acids are involved in this process. Using sequence variants of HPV-16 E5 we have investigated their effects upon E5 transcription, cell-cycling and cell-growth of murine fibroblasts.

Identification of HPV variants.

The vast majority of anogenital carcinomas are caused by high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), and among Western nations HPV-16 is usually the most predominant cancer-associated type. As a DNA virus, HPV type 16 has a relatively stable genome that is believed to have co-evolved with its host over the millennia. Nevertheless, among the "wild" populations of HPV-16 that are circulating, a large number of variants have been identified, and these may have considerably different pathogenic potentials.

Immunoglobulin light-chain genes in the rhesus macaque II: lambda light-chain germline sequences for subgroups IGLV1, IGLV2, IGLV3, IGLV4 and IGLV5.

The combined processes of immunoglobulin (IG) gene rearrangement and somatic hypermutation allow for the creation of an extremely diverse antibody repertoire. Knowledge of the germline sequence of the IG genes is required so that hypermutation and the affinity matured humoral response can be properly studied. Variable region genes can be arranged into subgroups; in humans, there are 11 IGLV subgroups and 6 IGKV subgroups.

Immunoglobulin light-chain genes in the rhesus macaque I: kappa light-chain germline sequences for subgroups IGKV1, IGKV and IGKV3.

The combined processes of immunoglobulin (IG) gene rearrangement and somatic hypermutation allow for the creation of an extremely diverse antibody repertoire. Knowledge of the germline sequence of the IG genes is required so that hypermutation and the affinity matured humoral response can be properly studied. Variable region genes can be arranged into subgroups; in humans, there are 11 IGLV subgroups and six IGKV subgroups.

Buccal exposure to human papillomavirus type 16 is a common yet transitory event of childhood.

High-risk human papillomaviruses, such as type 16 (HPV-16), are established etiological agents for cervical carcinoma. In most cases, this virus is transmitted sexually, though can also be spread from mother to infant at delivery. We have demonstrated previously a high prevalence ( approximately 52%) of HPV-16 DNA in the mouths of prepubertal children, albeit with low levels of transcription [Rice et al.

IGHV1, IGHV5 and IGHV7 subgroup genes in the rhesus macaque.

The diversity of the antibody response is achieved, in part, by rearrangement of different immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. The Ig heavy chain is made up of a variable region (IGHV), a diversity region (IGHD) and a joining region (IGHJ). Human germline IGHV genes have been grouped into seven multigene subgroups.