Analysis of ChatGPT Responses to Ophthalmic Cases: Can ChatGPT Think like an Ophthalmologist?

Objective: Large language models such as ChatGPT have demonstrated significant potential in question-answering within ophthalmology, but there is a paucity of literature evaluating its ability to generate clinical assessments and discussions. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess the accuracy of assessment and plans generated by ChatGPT and (2) evaluate ophthalmologists' abilities to distinguish between responses generated by clinicians versus ChatGPT.

Design: Cross-sectional mixed-methods study.

Effects of Short-Term Treatment of Rabbit Extraocular Muscle With Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor.

Purpose: Little is known about the effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on extraocular muscles, but microarray studies suggested CNTF might play a role in the development and/or maintenance of strabismus. The effect of short-term treatment of adult rabbit extraocular muscle with injected CNTF was examined for its ability to alter muscle characteristics.

Methods: Eight adult New Zealand white rabbits received an injection into one superior rectus muscle of 2 µg/100 µL CNTF on 3 consecutive days.

The influence of orbital architecture on strabismus in craniosynostosis.

Purpose: To better characterize the correlation of bony orbital dysmorphology with strabismus in craniosynostosis.

Methods: The medical records of patients with craniosynostosis with and without strabismus seen at Rady Children's Hospital (San Diego, CA) from March 2020 to January 2022 were reviewed retrospectively in this masked, case-control study. Computed tomography scans of the orbits were analyzed to obtain dimensions of the orbital entrance and orbital cone.

Pediatric cataract surgery: considerations and updates in diagnosis and management.

Purpose Of Review: The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of updates in the diagnosis and management of pediatric cataracts, with an emphasis on recent discoveries in the last two years.

Recent Findings: Pediatric cataracts remain an infrequent but significant disease with vision threatening consequences. Although much of the management has not changed historically, more recent updates, particularly borrowed from adult cataract management, have influenced the field of cataract management in children.

Development of Nystagmus With the Absence of MYOD Expression in the Extraocular Muscles.

Purpose: Myoblast determination protein 1 (MYOD) is a critical myogenic regulatory factor in muscle development, differentiation, myofiber repair, and regeneration. As the extraocular muscles significantly remodel their myofibers throughout life compared with limb skeletal muscles, we hypothesized that the absence of MYOD would result in their abnormal structure and function. To assess structural and functional changes in the extraocular muscles in MyoD-/- mice, fiber size and number and optokinetic nystagmus reflex (OKN) responses were examined.

Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 on Extraocular Muscle Structure and Function.

Purpose: Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor can result in strabismus, but little is known about how FGFs affect extraocular muscle structure and function. These were assessed after short-term and long-term exposure to exogenously applied FGF2 to determine the effect of enhanced signaling.

Methods: One superior rectus muscle of adult rabbits received either a series of three injections of 500 ng, 1 µg, or 5 µg FGF2 and examined after 1 week, or received sustained treatment with FGF2 and examined after 1, 2, or 3 months.

Childhood Onset Strabismus: A Neurotrophic Factor Hypothesis.

Strabismus is a genetically heterogeneous disorder with complex molecular and neurophysiological causes. Evidence in the literature suggests a strong role for motor innervation in the etiology of strabismus, which connects central neural processes to the peripheral extraocular muscles. Current treatments of strabismus through surgery show that an inherent sensorimotor plasticity in the ocular motor system decreases the effectiveness of treatment, often driving eye alignment back toward its misaligned pre-surgical state by altering extraocular muscle tonus.

Morphological Differences in the Inferior Oblique Muscles from Subjects with Over-elevation in Adduction.

Purpose: We examined inferior oblique muscles from subjects with over-elevation in adduction for characteristics that might shed light on the potential mechanisms for their abnormal eye position.

Methods: The inferior oblique muscles were obtained at the time of surgery in subjects diagnosed with either primary inferior oblique overaction or Apert syndrome. The muscles were frozen and processed for morphometric analysis of myofiber size, central nucleation, myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression, nerve density, and numbers of neuromuscular junctions per muscle section.

The MX-Helix of Muscle nAChR Subunits Regulates Receptor Assembly and Surface Trafficking.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) are pentameric channels that mediate fast transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and defects in receptor expression underlie neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis and congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS). Nicotinic receptor expression at the NMJ is tightly regulated and we previously identified novel Golgi-retention signals in the β and δ subunit cytoplasmic loops that regulate trafficking of the receptor to the cell surface. Here, we show that the Golgi retention motifs are localized in the MX-helix, a juxta-membrane alpha-helix present in the proximal cytoplasmic loop of receptor subunits, which was defined in recent crystal structures of cys-loop receptor family members.

Effect of Syringe Design on the Accuracy and Precision of Intravitreal Injections of Anti-VEGF Agents.

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy and precision of different syringe designs for intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents.

Methods: Volume output was measured from three syringe designs-1) 1.0 mL tuberculin syringe, 2) 1.

Determinants in the β and δ subunit cytoplasmic loop regulate Golgi trafficking and surface expression of the muscle acetylcholine receptor.

The molecular determinants that govern nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) assembly and trafficking are poorly defined, and those identified operate largely during initial receptor biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum. To identify determinants that regulate later trafficking steps, we performed an unbiased screen using chimeric proteins consisting of CD4 fused to the muscle AChR subunit cytoplasmic loops. In C2 mouse muscle cells, we found that CD4-β and δ subunit loops were expressed at very low levels on the cell surface, whereas the other subunit loops were robustly expressed on the plasma membrane.

Acanthamoeba migration in an electric field.

Purpose: We investigated the in vitro response of Acanthamoeba trophozoites to electric fields (EFs).

Methods: Acanthamoeba castellanii were exposed to varying strengths of an EF. During EF exposure, cell migration was monitored using an inverted microscope equipped with a CCD camera and the SimplePCI 5.