Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST) science: The hidden circumgalactic medium.

Our knowledge of galaxy formation and evolution has incredibly progressed through multi-wavelength observational constraints of the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies at all cosmic epochs. However, little is known about the physical properties of the more diffuse and lower surface brightness reservoir of gas and dust that extends beyond ISM scales and fills dark matter haloes of galaxies up to their virial radii, the circumgalactic medium (CGM). New theoretical studies increasingly stress the relevance of the latter for understanding the feedback and feeding mechanisms that shape galaxies across cosmic times, whose cumulative effects leave clear imprints into the CGM.

Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST) science: Surveying the distant Universe.

During the most active period of star formation in galaxies, which occurs in the redshift range 1 3, strong bursts of star formation result in significant quantities of dust, which obscures new stars being formed as their UV/optical light is absorbed and then re-emitted in the infrared, which redshifts into the mm/sub-mm bands for these early times. To get a complete picture of the high- galaxy population, we need to survey a large patch of the sky in the sub-mm with sufficient angular resolution to resolve all galaxies, but we also need the depth to fully sample their cosmic evolution, and therefore obtain their redshifts using direct mm spectroscopy with a very wide frequency coverage. This requires a large single-dish sub-mm telescope with fast mapping speeds at high sensitivity and angular resolution, a large bandwidth with good spectral resolution and multiplex spectroscopic capabilities.

A Triple Mystery of Insidious Organ Failure: Are the Lung, Kidney and Brain All Damaged by the Ageing Pulse?

This review explores the hypothesis that dementia in several forms, chronic kidney disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have a common cause in pulse-induced capillary haemorrhage. All three conditions are age-related and characterised by insidious onset, uncertainty about their cause, exacerbation by hypertension, resistance to treatment and the relentlessness of their progression. We argue that the three conditions are the clinical outcomes of damage caused by pulse-induced haemorrhage from capillaries.

Science development study for the Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST): Solar and stellar observations.

Observations at (sub-)millimeter wavelengths offer a complementary perspective on our Sun and other stars, offering significant insights into both the thermal and magnetic composition of their chromospheres. Despite the fundamental progress in (sub-)millimeter observations of the Sun, some important aspects require diagnostic capabilities that are not offered by existing observatories. In particular, simultaneously observations of the radiation continuum across an extended frequency range would facilitate the mapping of different layers and thus ultimately the 3D structure of the solar atmosphere.

Trace Toxins: The Key Component of a Healthful Diet.

Although it is well established that a vegetable-rich (Mediterranean) diet is associated with health benefits in later life, the mechanisms and biological origins of this benefit are not well established. This review seeks to identify the components a healthful diet that reduce the individual's suffering from non-communicable disease and extend longevity. We note the difference between the claims made for an essential diet (that prevents deficiency syndromes) and those argued for a diet that also prevents or delays non-communicable diseases and ask: what chemicals in our food induce this added resilience, which is effective against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and even cancer? Working in the framework of acquired resilience (tissue resilience induced by a range of stresses), we arguethat the toxins evolved by plants as part of allelopathy (the competition between plant species) are key in making the 'healthful difference'.

Optimizing peripheral regional anaesthesia: strategies for single shot and continuous blocks.

Purpose Of Review: Regional anaesthesia is increasingly prominent within anaesthesia, offering alternative analgesic options amidst concerns over opioid-based analgesia. Since Halsted's initial description, the field has burgeoned, with ultrasound visualization revolutionizing local anaesthetic spread assessment, leading to the development of numerous novel techniques. The benefits of regional anaesthesia have gained increasing evidence to support their application, leading to changes within training curricula.

Mapping nanoscale carrier confinement in polycrystalline graphene by terahertz spectroscopy.

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) can be used to map spatial variations in electrical properties such as sheet conductivity, carrier density, and carrier mobility in graphene. Here, we consider wafer-scale graphene grown on germanium by chemical vapor deposition with non-uniformities and small domains due to reconstructions of the substrate during growth. The THz conductivity spectrum matches the predictions of the phenomenological Drude-Smith model for conductors with non-isotropic scattering caused by backscattering from boundaries and line defects.

The Catastrophe of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Drives the Capillary-Hemorrhage Dementias, Including Alzheimer's Disease.

This review advances an understanding of several dementias, based on four premises. One is that capillary hemorrhage is prominent in the pathogenesis of the dementias considered (dementia pugilistica, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, traumatic brain damage, Alzheimer's disease). The second premise is that hemorrhage introduces four neurotoxic factors into brain tissue: hypoxia of the tissue that has lost its blood supply, hemoglobin and its breakdown products, excitotoxic levels of glutamate, and opportunistic pathogens that can infect brain cells and induce a cytotoxic immune response.

Twelve protections evolved for the brain, and their roles in extending its functional life.

As human longevity has increased, we have come to understand the ability of the brain to function into advanced age, but also its vulnerability with age, apparent in the age-related dementias. Against that background of success and vulnerability, this essay reviews how the brain is protected by (by our count) 12 mechanisms, including: the cranium, a bony helmet; the hydraulic support given by the cerebrospinal fluid; the strategically located carotid body and sinus, which provide input to reflexes that protect the brain from blood-gas imbalance and extremes of blood pressure; the blood brain barrier, an essential sealing of cerebral vessels; the secretion of molecules such as haemopexin and (we argue) the peptide Aβ to detoxify haemoglobin, at sites of a bleed; autoregulation of the capillary bed, which stabilises metabolites in extracellular fluid; fuel storage in the brain, as glycogen; oxygen storage, in the haemoprotein neuroglobin; the generation of new neurones, in the adult, to replace cells lost; acquired resilience, the stress-induced strengthening of cell membranes and energy production found in all body tissues; and cognitive reserve, the ability of the brain to maintain function despite damage. Of these 12 protections, we identify 5 as unique to the brain, 3 as protections shared with all body tissues, and another 4 as protections shared with other tissues but specialised for the brain.

Vascular senescence and leak are features of the early breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease models.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related disease, with loss of integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) being an early feature. Cellular senescence is one of the reported nine hallmarks of aging. Here, we show for the first time the presence of senescent cells in the vasculature in AD patients and mouse models of AD.

Definitive Chemoradiation Associated with Improved Survival Outcomes in Patients with Synchronous Oligometastatic Esophageal Cancer.

Background: The study of oligometastatic esophageal cancer (EC) is relatively new. Preliminary data suggests that more aggressive treatment regimens in select patients may improve survival rates in oligometastatic EC. However, the consensus recommends palliative treatment.

Mapping nanocrystalline disorder within an amorphous metal-organic framework.

Intentionally disordered metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) display rich functional behaviour. However, the characterisation of their atomic structures remains incredibly challenging. X-ray pair distribution function techniques have been pivotal in determining their average local structure but are largely insensitive to spatial variations in the structure.

The brain's weakness in the face of trauma: How head trauma causes the destruction of the brain.

Of all our organs, the brain is perhaps the best protected from trauma. The skull has evolved to enclose it and, within the skull, the brain floats in a protective bath of cerebrospinal fluid. It is becoming evident, however, that head trauma experienced in young adult life can cause a dementia that appears decades later.

Remote photobiomodulation targeted at the abdomen or legs provides effective neuroprotection against parkinsonian MPTP insult.

Photobiomodulation (PBM)-the irradiation of tissue with low-intensity light-mitigates neuropathology in rodent models of Parkinson's disease (PD) when targeted at the head ('transcranial PBM'). In humans, however, attenuation of light energy by the scalp and skull necessitates a different approach. We have reported that targeting PBM at the body also protects the brain by a mechanism that spreads from the irradiated tissue ('remote PBM'), although the optimal peripheral tissue target for remote PBM is currently unclear.

A Case of Unicentric Castleman Disease with Concomitant Myasthenia Gravis and Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava.

BACKGROUND Castleman disease was first described in 1956 as mediastinal masses composed of benign lymphoid hyperplasia with germinal center formation and capillary proliferation closely resembling thymomas. It has been linked with many multi-system disorders, including myasthenia gravis. Cases of Castleman disease with corresponding myasthenia gravis have higher rates of postoperative myasthenic crisis, which are reported as high as 37.

Reconstruction of thermoacoustic emission sources induced by proton irradiation using numerical time reversal.

Mapping of dose delivery in proton beam therapy can potentially be performed by analyzing thermoacoustic emissions measured by ultrasound arrays. Here, a method is derived and demonstrated for spatial mapping of thermoacoustic sources using numerical time reversal, simulating re-transmission of measured emissions into the medium.Spatial distributions of thermoacoustic emission sources are shown to be approximated by the analytic-signal form of the time-reversed acoustic field, evaluated at the time of the initial proton pulse.

Thoracic chordoma in a 36-year-old female.

Chordomas are rare tumors that occur in the bones of the skull base and spine, affecting 1 in 1 000 000 people per year. Thoracic chordomas comprise just 1% of chordomas. A 36-year-old female underwent a right video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical resection for a cystic mass at the level of T2-3 which was well-circumscribed.

Mapping short-range order at the nanoscale in metal-organic framework and inorganic glass composites.

Characterization of nanoscale changes in the atomic structure of amorphous materials is a profound challenge. Established X-ray and neutron total scattering methods typically provide sufficient signal quality only over macroscopic volumes. Pair distribution function analysis using electron scattering (ePDF) in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has emerged as a method of probing nanovolumes of these materials, but inorganic glasses as well as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and many other materials containing organic components are characteristically prone to irreversible changes after limited electron beam exposures.

A structure determination protocol based on combined analysis of 3D-ED data, powder XRD data, solid-state NMR data and DFT-D calculations reveals the structure of a new polymorph of l-tyrosine.

We report the crystal structure of a new polymorph of l-tyrosine (denoted the β polymorph), prepared by crystallization from the gas phase following vacuum sublimation. Structure determination was carried out by combined analysis of three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D-ED) data and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. Specifically, 3D-ED data were required for reliable unit cell determination and space group assignment, with structure solution carried out independently from both 3D-ED data and powder XRD data, using the direct-space strategy for structure solution implemented using a genetic algorithm.

Local nanoscale phase impurities are degradation sites in halide perovskites.

Understanding the nanoscopic chemical and structural changes that drive instabilities in emerging energy materials is essential for mitigating device degradation. The power conversion efficiency of halide perovskite photovoltaic devices has reached 25.7 per cent in single-junction and 29.