Performance of artificial intelligence in 7533 consecutive prevalent screening mammograms from the BreastScreen Australia program.

Objectives: To assess the performance of an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm in the Australian mammography screening program which routinely uses two independent readers with arbitration of discordant results.

Methods: A total of 7533 prevalent round mammograms from 2017 were available for analysis. The AI program classified mammograms into deciles on the basis of breast cancer (BC) risk.

Effect of Early High-Flow Nasal Oxygen vs Standard Oxygen Therapy on Length of Hospital Stay in Hospitalized Children With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: The PARIS-2 Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Nasal high-flow oxygen therapy in infants with bronchiolitis and hypoxia has been shown to reduce the requirement to escalate care. The efficacy of high-flow oxygen therapy in children aged 1 to 4 years with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure without bronchiolitis is unknown.

Objective: To determine the effect of early high-flow oxygen therapy vs standard oxygen therapy in children with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.

Cost-Effectiveness of Care Coordination for Children With Chronic Noncomplex Medical Conditions: Results From a Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objectives: To assess the cost-effectiveness of care coordination, compared with standard care, for children with chronic noncomplex medical conditions.

Methods: A total of 81 children aged between 2 and 15 years newly diagnosed with a noncomplex chronic condition were randomized to either care coordination or standard care as part of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Families receiving care coordination were provided access to an Allied Health Liaison Officer, who facilitated family-centered healthcare access across hospital, education, primary care, and community sectors.

Hospital presentations with diabetic ketoacidosis: A retrospective review.

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a significant source of preventable episodes of care and cost. This study aimed to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with DKA in an area of socio-economic deprivation in metropolitan Queensland, Australia, and to describe factors associated with hospital admission and re-presentation in this population.

Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive analysis of routine healthcare record data for January 2015-December 2019.

The effect of different service models on quality of care in the assessment of autism spectrum disorder in children: study protocol for a multi-centre randomised controlled trial.

Background: There is significant variability in clinical pathways available in the diagnostic assessment of ASD, including the order and timing of allied health assessments in relation to paediatrician consultations. Allied health professionals in first-contact models are increasingly used to improve the timeliness of healthcare access, whilst complementing medical specialty workforce shortages. Anecdotally, the implementation of allied health first-contact models in paediatrics has improved waitlists and timely access to healthcare.

Tethering Natural Capital and Cultural Capital for a More Sustainable Post-COVID-19 World.

The world faced stark challenges during the global pandemic caused by COVID-19. Large forces such as climate change, cultural ethnocentrism and racism, and increasing wealth inequality continue to ripple through communities harming community well-being. While the global pandemic caused by COVID-19 exacerbated these forces, lessons across the globe have been captured that inform the field of community well-being long-after the end of the pandemic.

Effect of Care Coordination Using an Allied Health Liaison Officer for Chronic Noncomplex Medical Conditions in Children: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: There is a paucity of high-quality evidence on the effect of care coordination on health-related quality of life among children with chronic noncomplex medical conditions (non-CMCs).

Objective: To examine whether care coordination delivered by an Allied Health Liaison Officer results in improved quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes for children with chronic non-CMCs and their families.

Design, Setting And Participants: This multicenter, open label, randomized clinical trial was conducted in pediatric outpatient clinics at 3 Australian hospitals with tertiary- and secondary-level pediatric care facilities.

Evaluation of Research Capacity and Culture of Health Professionals Working with Women, Children and Families at an Australian Public Hospital: A Cross Sectional Observational Study.

Background: There is limited evidence for use of the Research Capacity and Culture tool across multidisciplinary health professionals. We explored using the Research Capacity and Culture tool among multidisciplinary health professionals at an Australian secondary hospital.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study where online and paper-based surveys of the Research Capacity and Culture tool were disseminated between November 2020 and January 2021.

Diabetic ketoacidosis presentations in a low socio-economic area: are services suitable?

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis causes a significant number of hospitalisations worldwide, with rates tending to increase with remoteness and socioeconomic disadvantage. Our study aimed to explore healthcare professionals' perceptions of factors affecting presentation of people with type 1 diabetes in a low socioeconomic area of Queensland, Australia.

Methods: This was a qualitative study.

Continuous Energy Harvesting and Motion Sensing from Flexible Electrochemical Nanogenerators: Toward Smart and Multifunctional Textiles.

Here, we demonstrate the utilization of biocompatible Prussian blue (PB) active coatings onto polyester-carbon nanotube (CNT) threads to enable a fiber-based platform for both power harvesting and continuous motion sensing. First, we show experimental evidence supporting that the mechanistic power generating mechanical-electrochemical coupling in an electrochemical generator (ECG) is best achieved with K-ion insertion, in contrast to the expected preference for Li-ion insertion for batteries. We then construct KPB fibers and demonstrate power generation in an ECG device up to 3.

Multicentre, randomised trial to investigate early nasal high-flow therapy in paediatric acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial-a Paediatric Acute respiratory Intervention Study (PARIS 2).

Introduction: Acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure (AHRF) in children is the most frequent reason for non-elective hospital admission. During the initial phase, AHRF is a clinical syndrome defined for the purpose of this study by an oxygen requirement and caused by pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infections, asthma or bronchiolitis. Up to 20% of these children with AHRF can rapidly deteriorate requiring non-invasive or invasive ventilation.

DNA barcoding a unique avifauna: an important tool for evolution, systematics and conservation.

Background: DNA barcoding utilises a standardised region of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene to identify specimens to the species level. It has proven to be an effective tool for identification of avian samples. The unique island avifauna of New Zealand is taxonomically and evolutionarily distinct.

Integrated children's clinic care (ICCC) versus a self-directed care pathway for children with a chronic health condition: a multi-centre randomised controlled trial study protocol.

Background: Children with chronic health conditions have better health-related outcomes when their care is managed in a personalised and coordinated way. However, increased demand on Australian ambulatory care hospital services has led to longer waitlist times to access specialists and appropriate intervention services; placing vulnerable children at increased risk of poorer short-term (e.g.

Mucinous carcinomas of the breast: imaging features and potential for misdiagnosis.

Introduction: Pure mucinous breast carcinomas (PMBC) are commonly lobulated, therefore appear relatively benign compared with the imaging features of invasive ductal carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine mammographic and sonographic patterns of PMBC, in particular features that may result in misdiagnosis.

Methods: Retrospective review of available mammography and sonography in 90 patients diagnosed with PMBC within the Monash BreastScreen service, 1993-2011 inclusive.

Comparison of readers' detection of right-sided and left-sided breast cancers and microcalcifications.

Introduction: Aim of this study was to determine if there is a statistically and clinically significant difference in diagnostic performance (cancer diagnosis) and perceptual performance (microcalcification detection) when detecting left-sided or right-sided breast cancers and microcalcifications.

Methods: Eight radiologist readers (8-20 years experience in radiology, five current BreastScreen readers) read a set of 100 digital mammograms (23/100 had proven malignancies and 52/100 had confirmed microcalcifications) for three reads (random case order in each read). The same mammograms were presented on two reads, serving as the baseline reads.

Intrareader variability in mammographic diagnostic and perceptual performance amongst experienced radiologists in Australia.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was, for a group of experienced radiologists, to identify the magnitude of and statistical significance of intrareader variability in mammographic diagnostic performance or cancer diagnosis and mammographic perceptual performance or microcalcification detection.

Methods: Eight radiologist readers (8-30 years experience in radiology, five current BreastScreen readers) read a set of 100 digital mammograms on two separate reads with random case orders. Twenty-three of the 100 had proven malignancies, and 52 of the 100 had confirmed microcalcifications.

Conserved primers for DNA barcoding historical and modern samples from New Zealand and Antarctic birds.

Our ability to DNA barcode the birds of the world is based on the effective amplification and sequencing of a 648 base pair (bp) region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COI or cox1) gene. For many geographic regions the large numbers of vouchered specimens necessary for the construction of a DNA barcoding database have already been collected and are available in museums and other institutions. However, many of these specimens are old (>20 years) and are stored as either fixed study skins or dried skeletons.

Comparison of 3MP medical-grade to 1MP office-grade LCD monitors in mammographic diagnostic and perceptual performance.

Introduction: Picture archiving and communication systems images designed to be viewed on high-resolution medical-grade monitors are routinely viewed on office-grade monitors on the wards or at home. This study aimed to determine whether a statistically significant difference in diagnostic (cancer detection) and perceptual (microcalcification detection) performance exists between 3MP grade and 1MP office-grade monitors.

Methods: 3MP Dome medical-grade liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors (Planar, Beaverton, OR, USA) were compared to 1MP Dell office-grade LCD monitors (Dell Inc, Round Rock, TX, USA).

Birdstrikes and barcoding: can DNA methods help make the airways safer?

While flying remains one of the safest means of travel, reported birdstrikes on aircraft have risen. This is a result of increased aircraft flight movements, changes in agricultural methods and greater environmental awareness contributing to growing populations of hazardous bird species, as well as more diligent reporting of incidents. Measures to mitigate this hazard require accurate data about the species involved; however, the remains of birds from these incidents are often not easy to identify.

Sixty years of nuclear moments.

In keeping with the tradition of prefatory articles for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, this is an autobiographical essay describing my scientific career. I begin with my background and education at Dartmouth and Caltech and follow with my half-century of research and teaching at MIT. I emphasize subjects that I found especially interesting or important, including average Hamiltonians and the beginnings of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in solids, broadband spin decoupling in liquids, NMR at milli-Kelvin temperatures, and the exploration of basic physical principles by computer.

DNA barcoding in animal species: progress, potential and pitfalls.

Despite 250 years of work in systematics, the majority of species remains to be identified. Rising extinction rates and the need for increased biological monitoring lend urgency to this task. DNA sequencing, with key sequences serving as a "barcode", has therefore been proposed as a technology that might expedite species identification.

Spotlight on pioglitazone in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Pioglitazone (Actos(trade mark)) is an antihyperglycemic agent that, in the presence of insulin resistance, increases hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity, thereby inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and increasing peripheral and splanchnic glucose uptake. Pioglitazone is generally well tolerated, weight gain and edema are the most common emergent adverse events, and there are no known drug interactions between pioglitazone and other drugs. In clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, pioglitazone as monotherapy, or in combination with metformin, repaglinide, insulin, or a sulfonylurea, induced both long- and short-term improvements in glycemic control and serum lipid profiles.

Pioglitazone: a review of its use in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Pioglitazone is an antihyperglycaemic agent that, in the presence of insulin resistance, increases hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity, thereby inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and increasing peripheral and splanchnic glucose uptake. Pioglitazone is generally well tolerated, weight gain and oedema are the most common emergent adverse events, and there are no known drug interactions between pioglitazone and other drugs. In clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, pioglitazone as monotherapy, or in combination with metformin, repaglinide, insulin or a sulphonylurea, induced both long- and short-term improvements in glycaemic control and serum lipid profiles.