Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Stimulates Dietary Tryptophan-Dependent Production of Barrier-Protecting Methylnicotinamide.

Background & Aims: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is the world's most consumed probiotic but its mechanism of action on intestinal permeability and differentiation along with its interactions with an essential source of signaling metabolites, dietary tryptophan (trp), are unclear.

Methods: Untargeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed in LGG monocolonized germ-free mice fed trp-free or -sufficient diets. LGG-derived metabolites were profiled in vitro under anaerobic and aerobic conditions.

Rare case of pediatric trauma with hepatic injury managed using gel-foam embolization: a case report.

Nonoperative management for hepatic injuries requires observation and supportive care in the case of hemodynamically stable patients. If there is active bleeding on presentation, hepatic artery embolization is an option to achieve hemostasis in the acute setting. Although interventional radiology procedures are well documented in adults, there is limited literature regarding these procedures in the pediatric population.

Endocytosis of commensal antigens by intestinal epithelial cells regulates mucosal T cell homeostasis.

Commensal bacteria influence host physiology, without invading host tissues. We show that proteins from segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are transferred into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) through adhesion-directed endocytosis that is distinct from the clathrin-dependent endocytosis of invasive pathogens. This process transfers microbial cell wall-associated proteins, including an antigen that stimulates mucosal T helper 17 (T17) cell differentiation, into the cytosol of IECs in a cell division control protein 42 homolog (CDC42)-dependent manner.