Booster immune response in children 6-7 years of age, randomly assigned to four groups with two MMR vaccines applied by aerosol or by injection.

Importance: Aerosol immunization may be a useful tool to reach and sustain the elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome. We compared booster seroresponses to aerosolized or injected MMR vaccines containing different strains of measles (Attenuvax or Edmonston-Zagreb) and mumps (Jeryl-Lynn or Leningrad-Zagreb).

Objective: To assess the safety and immunogenicity of two MMR: Vaccines administered by aerosol.

Aerosolized MMR vaccine: evaluating potential transmission of components to vaccine administrators and contacts of vaccinees.

Although numerous operative and immunological advantages accompany aerosol immunization, potential vaccine virus transmission from the aerosol device to vaccine administrators or from aerosol vaccinees to their contacts requires further study. We conducted a clinical and serological follow-up study of vaccine administrators and matched classroom or household contacts of young adults who received the MMR vaccines by aerosol or injection. Differences in incidence of clinical adverse events between vaccinees and contacts were not statistically significant.

Antibody persistence in young adults 1 year after MMR immunization by aerosol or by subcutaneous route.

Information on antibody persistence after aerosol revaccination with MMR components is limited. Thus, antibody titers were determined in 283 adult participants in a MMR vaccine trial 12 months after revaccination. One group had received aerosolized Triviraten vaccine while two other groups received either injected Triviraten or MMR II vaccine.

Successful seroresponses to measles and rubella following aerosolized Triviraten vaccine, but poor response to aerosolized mumps (Rubini) component: comparisons with injected MMR.

Seroresponses to measles, rubella and mumps were evaluated following the injection of MMR II and injection or aerosol administration of Triviraten in young adults. Response to aerosolized Rubini mumps strain was a focus of interest, given robust responses to aerosolized mumps vaccine (Leningrad-Zagreb strain) in a prior study using aerosolized MMR vaccine. The aerosolized Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) measles vaccine was significantly more immunogenic than injected EZ vaccine, and comparable to results following injected Moraten measles vaccine having twice the dosage.

A new, rapid, and promising approach to aerosol immunization: inflatable bags and valved masks.

Booster doses of MMR vaccine equal in dosage to injected doses were aerosolized into a 3/4 l bag that inflated in 4s. The bag was then attached to valved masks, and its contents rapidly inhaled in one or two deep breaths by preschool Mexican children. Antibody responses in the children exposed to the aerosolized measles component were superior to those noted after injection, while responses to the mumps and rubella components were equivalent.

Aerosol and subcutaneous measles vaccine: measles antibody responses 6 years after re-vaccination.

There are no large-scale data on the long-term persistence of measles antibody after vaccination by the aerosol route. We therefore followed-up South African schoolchildren 6 years after their re-vaccination with Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) and Schwarz (SW) measles vaccine given by aerosol and subcutaneous routes. Measles antibody levels and the proportion of children who were seropositive at year 6 remained significantly higher in the Edmonston-Zagreb aerosol group compared to the groups that received Schwarz or Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine subcutaneously.

Aerosol measles vaccination in macaques: preclinical studies of immune responses and safety.

The comparative efficacy and safety of measles vaccination via the aerosol route versus subcutaneous injection has not been fully resolved. We vaccinated cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with the live-attenuated Edmonston-Zagreb measles virus (MV) vaccine and compared different routes of administration in the immunocompetent and the immunocompromised host. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of aerosol vaccination using devices similar to those previously used in humans were comparable to those in animals vaccinated by injection.

Evaluation of immunogenicity and side effects of triple viral vaccine (MMR) in adults, given by two routes: subcutaneous and respiratory (aerosol).

Adult volunteers from two neighboring health centers were immunized with measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR, Serum Institute of India Ltd.), either given by traditional injections or by an aerosol delivered to the respiratory tract. Baseline and one month post vaccination samples were taken and simultaneously assayed for all three antigens.

Risk of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in Polish children varies directly with number of siblings: possible implications for vaccination strategies.

Background: In the absence of an effective vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis has frequently been found to be the most common bacterial meningitis among children less than or equal to 5 years of age. This study was conducted prior to the introduction of Hib vaccine in Poland, and is the first case-control study of Hib meningitis in this country.

Methods: A 1:3 matched case-control study was nested within a population-based surveillance study of Hib meningitis in children less than or equal to 5 years old in Poland.

Aerosolized measles and measles-rubella vaccines induce better measles antibody booster responses than injected vaccines: randomized trials in Mexican schoolchildren.

Objective: To compare antibody responses and side-effects of aerosolized and injected measles vaccines after revaccination of children enrolling in elementary schools.

Methods: Vaccines for measles (Edmonston-Zagreb) or measles-rubella (Edmonston-Zagreb with RA27/3) were given by aerosol or injection to four groups of children. An additional group received Schwarz measles vaccine by injection.