Provenance of drinking water revealed through compliance sampling.

Understanding drinking water hydrochemistry is essential for maintaining safe drinking water supplies. Whilst targeted research surveys have characterised drinking water hydrochemistry, vast compliance datasets are routinely collected but are not interrogated amidst concerns regarding the impact of mixed water sources, treatment, the distribution network and customer pipework. In this paper, we examine whether compliance samples retain hydrochemical signatures of their provenance.

The use of open source GIS algorithms, big geographic data, and cluster computing techniques to compile a geospatial database that can be used to evaluate upstream bathing and sanitation behaviours on downstream health outcomes in Indonesia, 2000-2008.

Background: Waterborne diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality in developing countries, and diarrhea alone is responsible for over 1.5 million deaths annually. Such waterborne illnesses most often affect those in impoverished rural communities who rely on rivers for their supply of drinking water.

Additional Risk Minimisation Measures for Medicinal Products in the European Union: A Review of the Implementation and Effectiveness of Measures in the United Kingdom by One Marketing Authorisation Holder.

Introduction: Additional risk minimisation measures (aRMMs) for medicinal products are necessary to address specific important safety issues which may not be practically achieved through routine risk management measures alone. The implementation and determination of effectiveness for aRMMs can be a challenge as it involves multiple stakeholders. It is therefore important to have concise objectives to avoid undue burden on patients, healthcare professionals and the healthcare system.

A national-scale assessment of micro-organic contaminants in groundwater of England and Wales.

A large variety of micro-organic (MO) compounds is used in huge quantities for a range of purposes (e.g. manufacturing, food production, healthcare) and is now being frequently detected in the aquatic environment.

Implementing ecopharmacovigilance in practice: challenges and potential opportunities.

Ecopharmacovigilance (EPV) is a developing science and it is currently very unclear what it might mean in practice. We have performed a comparison between pharmacovigilance (PV) and EPV and have identified that there are similarities, but also some important differences that must be considered before any practical implementation of EPV. The biggest difference and greatest challenge concerns signal detection in the environment and the difficulty of identifying cause and effect.

Selected national pharmacovigilance websites: an analysis of contents.

Background: Pharmacovigilance involves the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), nationally and internationally. Effective communication, which relies increasingly on the Internet, is a crucial aspect of pharmacovigilance activities.

Aim: The aim of this study was to perform an exploratory survey of national pharmacovigilance websites and compare their contents.

Incidence, distribution, and duration of birth-related retinal hemorrhages: a prospective study.

Background: Retinal hemorrhages secondary to birth trauma are part of the differential diagnosis of intraocular hemorrhages seen in the setting of Shaken baby syndrome in very young infants. This prospective study aimed to document the morphology, distribution and, most importantly, the natural history of these hemorrhages using digital imaging.

Subjects And Methods: Infants were recruited as soon after birth as possible and examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy.

Foreign body episcleral granulomas complicating intravitreal silicone oil tamponade: a clinicopathological study.

Purpose: To report two patients with lipid granulomas of the episclera complicating vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade.

Design: Two observational case reports.

Intervention: Patient 1, a 41-year-old woman, underwent vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade for proliferative diabetic retinopathy.