The morphological diversity of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera): an atlas of scanning electron micrographs. Part 2. Structure of the mesosoma.

This is the second in a series of studies that aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the morphological diversity of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) or fairyflies, a monophyletic family of small parasitic wasps postulated to be the sister group of all other Chalcidoidea. The external morphology of the mesosoma of about 6575 taxa, representing 5565% of the 115 currently valid described genera and subgenera, is described and illustrated with almost 269 scanning electron micrographs, including 77 micrographs of the dorsal, 71 micrographs of the lateral, 59 micrographs of the ventral, 53 micrographs of the anterior, and 9 micrographs of the posterior views of the mesosoma. Twenty annotated figures of the external and major internal structures are given.

The Chalcidoidea bush of life: evolutionary history of a massive radiation of minute wasps.

Chalcidoidea are mostly parasitoid wasps that include as many as 500 000 estimated species. Capturing phylogenetic signal from such a massive radiation can be daunting. Chalcidoidea is an excellent example of a hyperdiverse group that has remained recalcitrant to phylogenetic resolution.

The morphological diversity of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera): an atlas of scanning electron micrographs. Part 1. General overview and structure of the head.

This is the first in a series of studies that aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the morphological diversity of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera), a monophyletic family of small parasitic wasps that are postulated as the sister group of other Chalcidoidea. The external cranial morphology of 65-75 genera and subgenera of Mymaridae (fairyflies) is described and illustrated with almost 430 scanning electron micrographs, including 73 micrographs of the anterior, 68 of the posterior, 75 of the dorsal, 75 of the lateral, and 67 of the ventral views of the head, plus 71 micrographs of the ventral view of the mouthparts. Twenty-one annotated figures illustrate the terms used for morphological structures.

Illustrated key to the genera and catalogue of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) in the Afrotropical region.

Separate identification keys for females, and for males where known, of the 40 genera of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in the Afrotropical region are given. The subgenera of four genera are also included in the key to females. The genera are illustrated with over 300 photographs.

A new, remarkable species of Platystethynium (Platypatasson) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from New Zealand.

Platystethynium (Platypatasson) earlyi Huber, sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), is described from both sexes reared from an egg of Rhaphidophoridae (Orthoptera) found in an old mining tunnel in New Zealand.

Description of the male of Tanyxiphium harriet (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), with new distribution records and synonymy.

Tanyxiphium longissimum Huber, syn. n. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) is synonymized under T.

Two new species of Camptopteroides (Camptopteroides) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from the Oriental region with a key to Old World species.

An overview of the Oriental species of the nominate subgenus of Camptopteroides Viggiani (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) is given. Two new species, C. (Camptopteroides) formosa Manickavasagam Sankararaman sp.

Illustrated key to genera and catalogue of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) in America north of Mexico.

Identification keys for females, and for males where known, to the 39 genera and 11 subgenera of Mymaridae in America north of Mexico are given. The genera are illustrated with over 1010 photographs and/or scanning electron micrographs. The 202 currently named and valid species reported from America north of Mexico are catalogued.

Illustrated key to European genera, subgenera and species groups of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera), with new records for the Czech Republic.

Illustrated keys to females and males of the European genera and subgenera of Mymaridae (Chalcidoidea) are presented, including twenty-four genera plus two subgenera in both of Erythmelus Enock and Polynema Haliday. The key to females also includes three subgenera recognized in Anagrus Haliday, two subgenera in Anaphes Haliday, and two species groups in Anagrus s.s.

Two new species of Anaphes Haliday (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from India and Indonesia.

Two species of Anaphes Haliday with distinctive females are described from India (A. triapitsyni Anwar Zeya, sp. nov.

Review of Anaphes Haliday (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) with key to species in Europe and a world catalogue.

The Walter Soyka species of Anaphes Haliday are reviewed and placed in context among the remaining world species. An analysis of his descriptions and identification keys is presented, and discussed in light of a broader interpretation of intraspecific variation in Anaphes species than Soyka accepted. An illustrated diagnosis of Anaphes is given and the species in Europe considered to be valid are keyed-14 species in Anaphes (Anaphes) and 15 species in Anaphes (Patasson).

Introduction to the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) of Bangladesh.

An identification key to the 15 genera of Mymaridae found so far in Bangladesh is given, based on about 520 specimens collected using yellow pan traps placed in agricultural habitats and at the edge of ponds, mainly at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur. Species already reported from Bangladesh are listed and three more are added: (Narayanan, Subba Rao & Kaur), Taguchi, and Curtis.

Generic key and catalogue of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) of Mexico.

The Mexican genera of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) are keyed in English and Spanish, and a catalogue of species occurring in Mexico is presented. Thirty-six genera, including 79 named species in 20 of the genera, are reported. These are mentioned in about 100 publications either as original species descriptions or as publications that specifically mention species and/or specimens from Mexico.

Two genera of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) new to Africa, a remarkable new species of and new generic synonymy.

Mathot, is placed in synonymy under Enock and its only described species transferred as (Mathot), Huber & Triapitsyn, is described; it is the only known Haliday species with a 5-segmented funicle in females. Two genera are reported for the first time from the Afrotropical region and two species are described: Paranaphoidea (Idiocentrus) africana Huber & Triapitsyn, , and Huber & Triapitsyn, .

Nomenclatural changes in Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea).

Three New World species are transferred from Polynema Haliday to other genera of Mymaridae and redescribed based on examination of their type specimens: Polynema albicoxa Ashmead to Acmopolynema Ogloblin as Acmopolynema albicoxa (Ashmead), comb. n., Polynema porteri (Brèthes) to Agalmopolynema Ogloblin as Agalmopolynema porteri (Brèthes), comb.

World reclassification of the Gonatocerus group of genera (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae).

The 400+ nominal species of the worldwide genus Gonatocerus Nees are reclassified into 14 genera that are placed in Gonatocerini, which is defined by three putative autapomorphies. A key to the 13 extant genera of Gonatocerini is given, based on females. Five previously described genus-group taxa are recognized: Cosmocomoidea Howard stat.

Review of the Mexican species of Erythmelus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), with description of two new species.

The Mexican species of Erythmelus Enock (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) are revised. A key to females of 13 species is provided in both English and Spanish. Two new taxa are described--E.

Redescription of Chrysoctonus and description of Chrysoctonoides (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae), a new genus from the Australian Region.

Chrysoctonoideslongisetosa Huber & Triapitsyn (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), gen. n. and sp.

Redescription of Mymarilla Westwood, new synonymies under Cremnomymar Ogloblin (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) and discussion of unusual wings.

The monotypic genus Mymarilla Westwood is known only from St. Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic Ocean. The peculiar species M.

DNA barcoding reveals diversity of Hymenoptera and the dominance of parasitoids in a sub-arctic environment.

Background: Insect diversity typically declines with increasing latitude, but previous studies have shown conflicting latitude-richness gradients for some hymenopteran parasitoids. However, historical estimates of insect diversity and species richness can be difficult to confirm or compare, because they may be based upon dissimilar methods. As a proxy for species identification, we used DNA barcoding to identify molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) for 7870 Hymenoptera specimens collected near Churchill, Manitoba, from 2004 through 2010.

Descriptions of two new species of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from southeastern Europe.

Two new taxa, Gonatocerus (Lymaenon) bulgaricus Donev & Triapitsyn (Bulgaria, and also apparently mainland Greece) and G. (Lymaenon) mediterraneus Donev & Triapitsyn (Greece-Crete Island) are described, diagnosed, and illustrated. Also, a species tentatively identified as G (Lymaenon) ?beshbarmak Triapitsyn is reported from mainland Greece.

Revision of Ooctonus in the Neotropical region and comparison with Boudiennyia (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae).

Ooctonus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) contains four species in the Neotropical Region: O. clebschi Huber, sp. n.

Compression fossil Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) from Kishenehn oil shales, with description of two new genera and review of Tertiary amber genera.

Compression fossils of three genera and six species of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) are described from 46 million year old Kishenehn oil shales in Montana, USA. Two new genera are described: Eoeustochus Huber, gen. n.

A new genus of fossil Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) from Cretaceous amber and key to Cretaceous mymarid genera.

Myanmymar aresconoidesgen n., sp. n.