Publications by authors named "John T Collins"

Article Synopsis
  • Femoral hernias can lead to serious health issues, especially due to the risk of strangulation, and frailty is linked to worse outcomes post-surgery.
  • This study analyzed patients who had femoral hernia repairs, separating them into frail and non-frail groups, and assessed various factors including age and sex on their recovery outcomes.
  • Results indicated that frail patients had significantly higher rates of complications, longer hospital stays, and a higher risk of death within 30 days compared to non-frail patients, highlighting frailty as a key risk factor for poor recovery.
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Unlabelled: The Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) ribonucleoprotein complex is composed of an approximately 20:1 mixture of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins plus a single genomic RNA (gRNA) dimer. The mechanisms that regulate these proportions are unknown. Here, we examined whether virion proportions of Gag, Gag-Pol, and gRNA were determined by sampling (that is, if they reflected expression ratios or intracellular concentrations) or more specific recruitment.

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The immunoglobulin heavy (H) chain class switch is mediated by a deletional recombination event between µ and γ, α, or ε constant region genes. This recombination event is upregulated during immune responses by a regulatory region that lies 3' of the constant region genes. We study switch recombination using a transgene of the entire murine H chain constant region locus.

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Many tumors are characterized by recurrent translocations between a tissue-specific gene and a proto-oncogene. The juxtaposition of the Ig heavy chain gene and Myc in Burkitt's lymphoma and in murine plasmacytoma is a classic example. Regulatory elements within the heavy chain constant region locus are required for Myc translocation and/or deregulation.

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Class-switch recombination of Ab isotype is mediated by a recombinational DNA deletion event and must be robustly upregulated during Ag-driven differentiation of B cells. The enhancer region 3' of the Cα gene is important for the upregulation of switch recombination. Using a transgene of the entire H chain C region locus, we demonstrate in this study that it is the four 3' enhancer elements themselves (a total of 4.

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Article Synopsis
  • Germline transcription plays a crucial role in class switch recombination (CSR), with promoter regions and I exons being essential for this process.
  • Researchers tested the idea that these promoter/I exons are key to the cytokine-regulated, gene-specific CSR by swapping them between murine γ1 and γ2a heavy chain genes.
  • Results showed that the γ1 promoter/I exon can promote strong IL-4-induced recombination for γ2a, while the γ2a promoter/I exon poorly directs recombination for γ1, indicating that cytokine regulation affects CSR but not the overall amount of CSR.
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Both class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) require transcription and the trans-acting factor activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and must be up-regulated during antigen-dependent differentiation of B lymphocytes. To test the role of the heavy chain 3' enhancers in both CSR and SHM, we used a BAC transgene of the entire heavy chain constant region locus. Using Cre-loxP recombination to delete a 28-kb region that contains the four known 3' heavy chain enhancers, we isolated lines of BAC transgenic mice with an intact heavy chain locus and paired lines in the same chromosomal insertion site lacking the 3' enhancers.

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Background: Endovenous radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the greater saphenous vein has become an accepted treatment modality. This study examines if it is necessary to perform high ligation of the saphenous vein to insure success of the procedure.

Study Design: A retrospective chart analysis was conducted on 219 patients who underwent RF ablation for venous insufficiency.

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Article Synopsis
  • A study reviewing 160 patients from 2000 to 2005 found that routine ultrasound is both safe and effective for monitoring endovascular aneurysm repairs (EVARs), with a total of 359 ultrasound exams conducted by certified professionals.* -
  • The analysis revealed 41 endoleaks (11.4%) identified through ultrasound, with type II endoleaks being the most common; also, while CT scans found some additional endoleaks, most were effectively detected by ultrasound.* -
  • The study concluded that color flow ultrasonography is a reliable method for assessing abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) status post-EVAR and provides statistically valid results for screening aneurysm sac sizes and endoleak presence.*
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IgG2a, with gamma2a H chains, is important for protection against viruses and other intracellular pathogens. Although a large portion of IgG2a expression is dependent upon IFN-gamma, some germline transcription and switch recombination to the murine gamma2a H chain gene expression are independent of IFN-gamma. We found that agonistic anti-CD40 Abs injected into IFN-gamma-deficient mice induce a > 200-fold increase in the amount of serum Ig2a, while other Ig isotypes are increased by 16-fold or less.

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The switch in immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain class is preceded by germline transcription and then mediated by a DNA recombination event. To study germline transcription and class switch recombination we used transgenic mice with a 230-kilobase bacterial artificial chromosome that included a rearranged VDJ gene and the entire heavy chain constant region locus. In addition to several lines with intact transgenes, we identified two lines in which the heavy chain locus transgene lacked Calpha and everything 3' of it, including the regulatory elements HS3a, HS1-2, HS3b, and HS4.

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In addition to the well-documented effect of NK cells on B cell differentiation via their ability to secrete IFN-gamma, NK cells can also induce, via direct cell-cell interactions, germline transcripts (Igamma2a) necessary for switch recombination to IgG2a. Analysis of the ligand-receptor pairs that could be involved in this induction revealed that the expression of CD48 on B cells is crucial for the induction. NK cells from mice with targeted deletions of either the CD2 or the CD244 gene, both of which encode ligands for CD48, are compromised in their ability to induce B cell Igamma2a expression.

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The switch (S) in H chain class is preceded by germline transcription and then mediated by a DNA recombination event. One of the impediments toward understanding the mechanism is the lack of a system in which a recombinant DNA molecule undergoes cytokine-regulated class S recombination. To study class S recombination, we used transgenic mice with a 230-kb bacterial artificial chromosome that included a rearranged VDJ gene and the entire murine H chain constant region locus.

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