Quantification of saliva production in L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and the impact of MdSGHV infection.

salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) affects house flies by enlarging salivary glands, impeding ovary development in females, and mating behavior in both males and females. It is not known if this virus impacts the quantity of saliva produced by house flies. This study aimed to establish baseline saliva quantities in healthy across sexes and ages and examine how MdSGHV infection influences saliva output in 5-day-old males.

Efficacy and residual toxicity of chitosan for Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Chitosan is a naturally derived polymer that has significant potential for use as a bioinsecticide. Despite this, there is a lack of research as to the efficacy of chitosan for many insect pest species. The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one such pest for which chitosan toxicity has not been explored.

New Insights on Antennal Sensilla of (Diptera: Tephritidae) Using Advanced Microscopy Techniques.

Using light, transmission, scanning electron, and confocal microscopy, we carried out a morphological study of antennal sensilla and their ultrastructures of the Mexican Fruit Fly (Loew), an economically important species that is a pest of mangos and citrus in Mexico and Central America. Our goal was to update the known information on the various sensilla in the antennae of , involved in the perception of odors, temperature, humidity, and movement. Based on their external shape, size, cuticle-thickness, and presence of pores, we identified six types of sensilla with 16 subtypes (one chaetica in the pedicel, four clavate, two trichoid, four basiconic, one styloconic, and one campaniform-like in the flagellum, and three additional ones in the two chambers of the sensory pit (pit-basiconic I and II, and pit-styloconic)), some of them described for the first time in .

Rescuing the Inhibitory Effect of the Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus of on Mating Behavior.

Infection with salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV) of prevents female flies from accepting copulation attempts by healthy or virus-infected males. This study focused on supplemental hormonal rescue therapy for mating behavior in virus-infected female house flies. The inhibitory effect of the virus on mating behavior in females injected with SGHV was reversed by hormonal therapy in the form of octopamine injections, topical application of methoprene, or both therapies combined along with 20-hydroxyecdysone.

Synanthropic Flies-A Review Including How They Obtain Nutrients, along with Pathogens, Store Them in the Crop and Mechanisms of Transmission.

An attempt has been made to provide a broad review of synanthropic flies and, not just a survey of their involvement in human pathogen transmission. It also emphasizes that the crop organ of calliphorids, sarcophagids, and muscids was an evolutionary development and has served and assisted non-blood feeding flies in obtaining food, as well as pathogens, prior to the origin of humans. Insects are believed to be present on earth about 400 million years ago (MYA).

Involvement of Follicular Patency in the Ovarian Developmental Block in Virus-infected, MdSGHV, House Flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).

The Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) is known to have marked effects on the female Musca domestica L. (or common house fly) reproductive system, particularly regarding the size and functionality of the ovaries. Examination of the terminal ovarian follicles can help determine if and how MdSGHV mechanistically causes the block in ovarian development.

Effects of diluted Concord grape juice laced with sodium chloride and selected boron-containing compounds on attraction, consumption, crop muscle contractions, and mortality of adult Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

Background: In recent years, there has been interest in low-cost, reduced-risk materials that could be used for attract-and-kill of the invasive pest, spotted-wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii. This pest causes heavy economic damage to soft-skinned fruits in many countries. In this study, we evaluated physiological and behavioral effects of adding either borax, boric acid, or sodium chloride to diluted Concord grape juice (DGJ), a material that is attractive to adult D.

Persistence and Significance of in the Housefly, L.

Trachoma is the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. Ocular infection by the obligate intracellular pathogen, causes the eyelashes to turn in and scratch the cornea, leading to blindness if left untreated. The disease is most prevalent in poor, rural communities that lack the infrastructure for basic hygiene, clean water, and proper sanitation.

Effects of chitosan and erythritol on labellar taste neuron activity, proboscis extension reflex, daily food intake, and mortality of male and female spotted-winged drosophila, Drosophila suzukii.

In recent years, there has been interest in reduced-risk materials with insecticidal properties for the invasive pest spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii. Here, we compared the peripheral sensitivity (via the tip-recording technique, used to monitor the neural activity of gustatory receptor neurons [GRNs]) and palatability (via the Proboscis Extension Reflex [PER]) of chitosan, a polysaccharide derived from chitin, with that of erythritol, a sugar alcohol, to male and female D. suzukii.

The Effect of the Musca domestica Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus on Food Consumption in Its Adult Host, the Common House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

The Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) substantially enlarges the house fly's salivary glands and prevents or delays ovarian development in its adult host, but the effect that MdSGHV has on the house fly's food consumption is currently unknown. Using house flies from a laboratory-reared colony, we evaluated the effect of MdSGHV infection on food consumption over a 7-d period. Both treatment (virus-infected) and control (saline-injected) flies were provided with a choice of 8% sucrose solution and 4% powdered milk solution to determine food preferences.

Effect of chitosan on adult longevity when fed, in no-choice experiments, to Musca domestica L., Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart, and Phormia regina (Meigen) adults and its consumption in adult Musca domestica L.

Background: The literature reports that more research needs to be done on using chitosan as an environmentally friendly bioinsecticide, especially against dipterans. Thus, we examined the effect of chitosan when fed, in no-choice experiments, to adult Musca domestica, Tabanus nigrovittatus, and Phormia regina.

Results: A 2% chitosan solution was fed, in no-choice experiments, to adults of Musca domestica, Tabanus nigrovittatus, and Phormia regina to study the effects on survivorship.

Structural Differences in the Digestive Tract Between Females and Males Could Modulate Regurgitation Behavior in Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae).

With the aim of understanding the mechanisms involved in the regurgitation behavior of tephritid flies, we performed a structural study of the digestive system of the economically important fruit-fly pest, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) using optical, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), plus a feeding assay. Most structures studied are similar to those previously reported in other adult dipterans, but, importantly, we found sexual differences in some structures that apparently affect regurgitation. We report for the first time sexual differences in the crop duct nerve and large numbers of dense core vesicles within the nerve bundle.

Fly foregut and transmission of microbes.

Two areas of research that have greatly increased in attention are: dipterans as vectors and the microbes they are capable of vectoring. Because it is the front-end of the fly that first encounters these microbes, this review focuses on the legs, mouthparts, and foregut, which includes the crop as major structures involved in dipteran vectoring ability. The legs and mouthparts are generally involved in mechanical transmission of microbes.

The imbalance of serotonergic circuitry impairing the crop supercontractile muscle activity and the mitochondrial morphology of PD PINK1Drosophila melanogaster are rescued by Mucuna pruriens.

Despite its great potentiality, little attention has been paid to modelling gastrointestinal symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Drosophila melanogaster (Dm). Our previous studies on standardized Mucuna pruriens extract (Mpe) have shown usefulness in the Drosophila model of PD. In this communication, we provide new information on the effect of Mpe on basal and serotonin treated contractions in the crop (i.

Effect of Diet on Adult House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Injected With the Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus (MdSGHV).

Research to date on the salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV) in three species of flies has focused on adult flies having access to and taking a proteinaceous diet. Since many studies have shown that diet affects viral infection in numerous organisms, this study examined the effect of a protein-free diet on the effect of the SGHV virus in adult house flies, Musca domestica. L.

Opposite effects of 5-HT/AKH and octopamine on the crop contractions in adult Drosophila melanogaster: Evidence of a double brain-gut serotonergic circuitry.

This study showed that in adult Drosophila melanogaster, the type of sugar-either present within the crop lumen or in the bathing solution of the crop-had no effect on crop muscle contraction. What is important, however, is the volume within the crop lumen. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that exogenous applications of serotonin on crop muscles increases both the amplitude and the frequency of crop contraction rate, while adipokinetic hormone mainly enhances the crop contraction frequency.

Serotonergic Innervation of the Salivary Glands and Central Nervous System of Adult Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae), and the Impact of the Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus (GpSGHV) on the Host.

Using a serotonin antibody and confocal microscopy, this study reports for the first time direct serotonergic innervation of the muscle sheath covering the secretory region of the salivary glands of adult tsetse fly, Glossina pallidipes Austen. Reports to date, however, note that up until this finding, dipteran species previously studied lack a muscle sheath covering of the secretory region of the salivary glands. Direct innervation of the salivary gland muscle sheath of tsetse would facilitate rapid deployment of saliva into the host, thus delaying a host response.

The chemosensitivity of labellar sugar receptor in female Phormia regina is paralleled with ovary maturation: Effects of serotonin.

Oogenesis in most adult insects is a nutrient-dependent process involving ingestion of both proteins and carbohydrates that ultimately depends on peripheral input from chemoreceptors. The main goal of this study was to characterize, in the female blowfly Phormia regina, the responsive changes of the labellar chemoreceptors to carbohydrates and proteins in relation to four different stages along the ovarian cycle: (1) immature ovaries, (2) mid-mature ovaries, (3) mature ovaries and ready for egg-laying and (4) post egg-laying ovaries. Then, the possible effects exerted by exogenous serotonin on the chemoreceptor sensitivity profiles were investigated.

Role of Phote-HrTH (Phormia terraenovae hypertrehalosemic hormone) in modulating the supercontractile muscles of the crop of adult Phormia regina Meigen.

Phote-HrTH (Phormia terraenovae hypertrehalosemic hormone) has been demonstrated in the Diptera to be involved in flight metabolism, reproduction, and diapause. Each of these events needs the hormone's action and requirement for carbohydrates is the common denominator. In Diptera, carbohydrates are taken up during feeding by action of the cibarial pump and are then stored in the crop.

Effect of Crop Volume on Contraction Rate in Adult House Fly.

The functional aspects of the adult house fly crop have not been studied even though various human and domestic animal pathogens have been discovered within the crop lumen. The average volume consumed (midgut and crop) by flies starved for 24 h was 3.88 μl by feeding both sexes on a sucrose phosphate glutamate buffer.

Effect of channel blockers on the smooth muscle of the adult crop of the queen blowfly, Phormia regina.

Few studies have examined the various factors affecting the rate of contraction of the supercontractile muscles of the crop lobes of adult Phormia regina Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Using an in situ bioassay of the crop organ, various ion channel blockers were tested and it was demonstrated that in all cases the blockers (i.e.

Regulatory mechanisms and the role of calcium and potassium channels controlling supercontractile crop muscles in adult Phormia regina.

Bioassays and electrophysiological recordings were conducted in the adult blowfly Phormia regina to provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing the crop filling and emptying processes of the supercontractile crop muscles. The cibarial pump drives ingestion. Simultaneous multisite extracellular recordings show that crop lobe (P5) distension during ingestion of a 4.

The adult Dipteran crop: a unique and overlooked organ.

The diverticulated crop is a unique and overlooked foregut organ in the Diptera that affects many physiological and behavioral functions. Historically, the crop was viewed simply as a reservoir for excess nutrients. The crop lobes and crop duct form an elaborate sphincter and pump system that moves stored nutrients to the crop lobes, oral cavity, and the midgut.

Ultrastructure of the salivary glands of non-infected and infected glands in Glossina pallidipes by the salivary glands hypertrophy virus.

Light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy analyses were conducted to examine the morphology and ultrastructure of the salivary glands of Glossina pallidipes. Three distinct regions, each with a characteristic composition and organization of tissues and cells, were identified: secretory, reabsorptive and proximal. When infected with the salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) virus, glands showed a severe hypertrophy, accompanied by profound changes in their morphology and ultrastructure.

The diverticulated crop of adult Phormia regina.

The crop of adult Phormia regina consists of a duct that diverges from the esophagus, just in front of the cardia, and extends ventrally and posteriorly into the thorax and abdomen where it forms a bilobed sac. Flattened epithelial cells produce the cuticular lining of the crop. When empty, or partially full, the epithelial cells and cuticular lining form folds extending into the lumen, thus providing for expansion as the crop sac fills.