Bone marrow stromal cells are sensitive to discrete surface alterations in build and post-build modifications of bioinspired Ti6Al4V 3D-printed in vitro testing constructs.

Current standards in bone-facing implant fabrication by metal 3D (M3D) printing require post-manufacturing modifications to create distinct surface properties and create implant microenvironments that promote osseointegration. However, the biological consequences of build parameters and surface modifications are not well understood. This study evaluated the relative contributions of build parameters and post-manufacturing modification techniques to cell responses that impact osseointegration in vivo.