Neutrinos to Astrovirology: Signatures.

In the 20th century, the concept of terrestrial life's unity was solidified, and the 21st century saw the emergence and establishment of astrovirology. To date, life originating beyond Earth has not been identified. The singular instance where NASA investigated potential microfossils in Martian ejecta found on Earth has since been refuted.

3-Dimensional Printed Alternative to the Standard Synthetic Flocked Nasopharyngeal Swabs Used for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Testing.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), can be detected in respiratory samples by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or other molecular methods. Accessibility of diagnostic testing for COVID-19 has been limited by intermittent shortages of supplies required for testing, including flocked nasopharyngeal (FLNP) swabs.

Methods: We developed a 3-dimensional printed nasopharyngeal (3DP) swab as a replacement of the FLNP swab.

Artificial Intelligence and Virology - quo vadis.

Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics, co-robotics (cobots), quantum computers (QC), include surges of scientific endeavor to produce machines (mechanical and software) among numerous types and constructions that are accelerating progress to defeat infectious diseases. There is a plethora of additional applications and uses of these methodologies and technologies for the understanding of biomedicine through bioinformation discovery. Therefore, we briefly outline the use of such techniques in virology.

Current views and challenges on clinical cholera.

Cholera, an acute diarrheal infection has become a major global threat. Vibrio cholerae the causative agent of cholera has been responsible for six previous pandemics since 1817 that spanned four continents and Australia with the seventh pandemic ongoing since 1961. Two serogroups of V.

Reduction in Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections Correlated With the Introduction of a Novel Silver-Plated Dressing for Central Venous Catheters and Maintained for 6 Years.

Objective: To assess a novel silver-plated dressing (SD) for central venous catheters in comparison to chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated sponge (CHGIS) dressings in preventing central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Tampa General Hospital, an academic medical tertiary care center.

Cholera host response gene networks: preliminary studies.

Gene network analysis was performed based on published literature describing genes that are possibly interconnected with cholera vaccine responses in vitro in cell culture and in vivo in human patient punch biopsies as well as DNA extracted from blood. These studies produced divergent results. The differences should be replicated and studied further.

Gene-chromosome locations of neuropsychiatric diseases.

Unlabelled: A number of genes are involved in various neuropsychiatric disorders. A comprehensive compilation of these genes is important for a better understanding of these diseases. We report an online file that lists genes by chromosome number and location.

Levamisole induced necrosis of the skin and neutropenia following intranasal cocaine use: a newly recognized syndrome.

Levamisole is a veterinary anti-helminthic used to treat several autoimmune conditions but also commonly utilized as an additive in cocaine distribution. Toxicity resulting in agranulocytosis and cutaneous necrosis in association with cocaine use is an infrequently described phenomenon of an emerging problem. Although levamisole is found extensively in the cocaine supply of the United States, relatively few cases of necrotic skin lesions associated with intranasal use have been reported.

HIV associated dementia and HIV encephalitis II: Genes on chromosome 22 expressed in individually microdissected Globus pallidus neurons (Preliminary analysis).

We analyzed RNA gene expression in neurons from 16 cases in four categories, HIV associated dementia with HIV encephalitis (HAD/HIVE), HAD alone, HIVE alone, and HIV-1-positive (HIV+)with neither HAD nor HIVE. We produced the neurons by laser capture microdissection (LCM) from cryopreserved globus pallidus. Of 55,000 gene fragments analyzed, expression of 197 genes was identified with significance (p = 0.

The influenza pandemic of 2009: lessons and implications.

Influenza is a moving target, which evolves in unexpected directions and is recurrent annually. The 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic virus was unlike the 2009 seasonal virus strains and originated in pigs prior to infecting humans. Three strains of viruses gave rise to the pandemic virus by antigenic shift, reassortment, and recombination, which occurred in pigs as 'mixing vessels'.

HIV-1 envelope accessible surface and polarity: clade, blood, and brain.

Unlabelled: The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) gp160 (gp120-gp41 complex) trimer envelope (ENV) protein is a potential vaccine candidate for HIV/AIDS. HIV-1 vaccine development has been problematic and charge polarity as well as sequence variation across clades may relate to the difficulties. Further obstacles are caused by sequence variation between blood and brain-derived sequences, since the brain is a separate compartment for HIV-1 infection.

Influenza 2009 pandemic: Cellular immunemediated surveillance modulated by TH17 & Tregs.

Influenza A virus is a serious public health threat. Most recently the 2009/H1N1 pandemic virus had an inherent ability to evade the host's immune surveillance through genetic drift, shift, and genomic reassortment. Immune characterization of 2009/H1N1 utilized monoclonal antibodies, neutralizing sera, and proteomics.

Structural inferences for Cholera toxin mutations in Vibrio cholerae.

Cholera is a global disease that has persisted for millennia. The cholera toxin (CT) from Vibrio cholerae is responsible for the clinical symptoms of cholera. This toxin is a hetero-hexamer (AB(5)) complex consisting of a subunit A (CTA) with a pentamer (B(5)) of subunit B (CTB).

Molecular and contextual markers of hepatitis C virus and drug abuse.

The spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection involves a complex interplay of social risks, and molecular factors of both virus and host. Injection drug abuse is the most powerful risk factor for HCV infection, followed by sexual transmission and additional non-injection drug abuse factors such as co-infection with other viruses and barriers to treatment. It is clearly important to understand the wider context in which the factors related to HCV infection occur.

Cost of treatment: The single biggest obstacle to HIV/AIDS treatment adherence in lower-middle class patients in Mumbai, India.

Background: This study analyzes the social, economic and behavioral factors most frequently associated with adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART) in urban India.

Materials And Methods: Data was collected in a metropolitan teaching hospital in Mumbai using a cross-sectional survey design. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 152 patients.

Lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia among patients taking first-line, World Health Organization-recommended highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens in Western India.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia among HIV-infected patients taking long-term, first-line, World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended generic highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens in India.

Design: : Cross-sectional study.

Methods: Asymptomatic, antiretroviral-naive patients and those treated for > 1 year with zidovudine (ZDV)/lamivudine (3TC)/nevirapine (NVP) and stavudine (d4T)/3TC/NVP were subjectively assessed for lipodystrophy (lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy, and mixed patterns), and lipid profiles were determined after an overnight fast.

Wolf in sheep's clothing: advanced Kaposi sarcoma mimicking vulvar abscess.

Kaposi sarcoma is a vascular neoplastic disorder that is associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The causative factor in Kaposi sarcoma is human herpes virus-8. This complication of AIDS has a predilection for homosexual males and is rarely associated with the female AIDS population.

Rural Indian tribal communities: an emerging high-risk group for HIV/AIDS.

BACKGROUND: Rural Indian tribes are anthropologically distinct with unique cultures, traditions and practices. Over the years, displacement and rapid acculturation of this population has led to dramatic changes in their socio-cultural and value systems. Due to a poor health infrastructure, high levels of poverty and ignorance, these communities are highly vulnerable to various health problems, especially, communicable diseases including HIV/AIDS.

Blastoschizomyces capitatus pneumonia in an immunocompetent male.

Blastoschizomyces capitatus is an emerging fungal pathogen. It has been well characterized as a cause of local and disseminated disease in immunocompromised hosts, especially in the setting of neutropenia. We describe a case of B.

The effect of treating bacterial vaginosis on preterm labor.

Objective: Multiple studies suggest that bacterial vaginosis (BV) causes preterm labor; yet its routine treatment remains controversial. In order to help to elucidate this controversy, we performed a thorough review of studies with levels of evidence ranging from I to II-II.

Methods: We searched for all of the studies from the years 1994 to 2001 via Medline's database, including MD Consult and Ovid Mednet.