Pharmacokinetics of diphenhydramine following single-dose intravenous and oral administration in non-fasted adult horses.

Diphenhydramine is an H1 receptor antagonist used to control urticaria and other allergic signs caused by type I hypersensitivity reactions in horses (Equus caballus). Limited studies have been conducted on pharmacokinetics of this drug in horses, with no studies involving oral formulations. Our study investigated pharmacokinetics of an oral diphenhydramine formulation compared to intravenous administration in non-fasted adult horses.

Pyogranulomatous enteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis in an adult llama caused by carrying virulence-associated protein A gene.

We report herein infection in an 11-y-old, male llama with a history of diarrhea and endoparasitism. Postmortem examination revealed granulomatous and ulcerative enteritis, pyogranulomatous mesenteric lymphadenitis, fibrinosuppurative peritonitis, and granulomatous hepatitis. Intralesional macrophages were laden with gram-positive cocci.

Klossiella equi infection in a Cheval Canadien Mare.

A 6-year-old Cheval Canadien mare was presented for clinical signs related to acute kidney injury after receiving a course of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy. Cytologic examination of concentrated urine revealed small protozoal organisms that were later identified as Klossiella equi. Both sporocysts and free-floating sporozoites were identified in the urine, which has not been previously documented.

Pharmacokinetic evaluation and safety of topical 1% morphine sulfate application on the healthy equine eye.

Objective: To determine if corneal epithelial cell integrity is detrimentally affected by short-term administration of 1.0% morphine sulfate. Additionally, we sought to determine if topical 1.

Esthesiometric evaluation of corneal analgesia after topical application of 1% morphine sulfate in normal horses.

Objective: To evaluate whether topical ocular application of 1% morphine sulfate would change corneal sensitivity and to identify the duration of action.

Animal Studied: Eight healthy adult horses.

Procedure: Corneal touch threshold (CTT) was measured in the center of one randomly selected eye of each horse by Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer (Luneau Cochet-Bonnet Esthesiometer; Western Ophthalmics, Lynnwood, WA, USA).

Formal modeling of a system of chemical reactions under uncertainty.

We describe a novel formalism representing a system of chemical reactions, with imprecise rates of reactions and concentrations of chemicals, and describe a model reduction method, pruning, based on the chemical properties. We present two algorithms, midpoint approximation and interval approximation, for construction of efficient model abstractions with uncertainty in data. We evaluate computational feasibility by posing queries in computation tree logic (CTL) on a prototype of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway.

Neurotropic T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma in a 14-year-old Morgan gelding.

A 14-year-old Morgan gelding was presented for progressive weakness and muscle atrophy. The horse was initially diagnosed with equine protozoal myelitis based on history, physical examination, and laboratory diagnostics. Despite therapy, the horse declined clinically and was euthanized.

Computed tomographic characterization of the pulmonary system in clinically normal alpacas.

Objective: To characterize and quantitatively assess the typical pulmonary anatomy of healthy adult alpacas with multidetector row CT.

Animals: 10 clinically normal adult female alpacas.

Procedures: CT examination of the thorax was performed before and after IV administration of iodinated contrast medium in sedated alpacas in sternal recumbency.

Listeria associated mural and valvular endocarditis in an alpaca.

An alpaca presented for emergency evaluation of respiratory distress. Physical examination revealed weakness, pyrexia, and a grade V/VI left apical holosystolic murmur. Initial thoracic examination and radiographs were consistent with left sided congestive heart failure.

Cryptosporidiosis in 20 alpaca crias.

Case Description: 20 alpaca crias (13 females and 7 males) were examined for diarrhea (n=20), weight loss (15), and poor appetite (5). Fourteen crias were between 8 and 18 days of age at time of admission.

Clinical Findings: Cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed in all crias.

Eimeria macusaniensis infection in 15 llamas and 34 alpacas.

Case Description: 15 llamas and 34 alpacas between 3 weeks and 18 years old with fecal oocysts or intestinal coccidial stages morphologically consistent with Eimeria macusaniensis were examined. Nineteen of the camelids were admitted dead, and 30 were admitted alive. Camelids admitted alive accounted for 5.

Minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane in llamas and alpacas.

Objective: To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane in llamas and alpacas.

Design: Prospective study. Animals Six healthy adult llamas and six healthy adult alpacas.

Rapid, multiwell colorimetric assay for measuring neutrophil chemoattractant activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with recurrent airway obstruction.

The criteria used to diagnose recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in affected horses include demonstration of reversible lower airway obstruction and greater than 25% neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Additional objective laboratory tests are needed to improve diagnostic accuracy and to monitor response to treatment. The goal of this study was to determine if neutrophil chemoattractant activity of BALF could be measured by using a previously described, rapid, multiwell colorimetric assay for chemotaxis.

Assessment of serum concentrations and sedative effects of fentanyl after transdermal administration at three dosages in healthy llamas.

Objective: To determine the serum concentrations and sedative effects of fentanyl after transdermal administration at 3 dosages in llamas.

Animals: 9 healthy adult female llamas (mean age, 8 +/- 3 years; mean weight, 150 +/- 18 kg).

Procedure: Llamas were allocated to 1 of 3 groups (3 llamas/group).

Use of chemotherapy for treatment of a mixed-cell thoracic lymphoma in a horse.

A 4-year-old Oldenburg mare was evaluated because of signs of lower airway disease and subsequently developed bilateral pleural effusion. Neoplastic cells were not identified in the fluid sample obtained via the initial thoracocentesis. A thoracic mass was detected radiographically, but its location prevented collection of a tissue sample.

Minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in spontaneously breathing llamas and alpacas.

Objective: To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in spontaneously breathing llamas and alpacas.

Design: Prospective study.

Animals: 6 healthy adult llamas and 6 healthy adult alpacas.