Conscious Causality, Observer-Observed Simultaneity, and the Problem of Time for Integrated Information Theory.

Without proven causal power, consciousness cannot be integrated with physics except as an epiphenomenon, hence the term 'hard problem'. Integrated Information Theory (IIT) side-steps the issue by stating that subjective experience must be identical to informational physical structures whose cause-and-effect power is greater than the sum of their parts. But the focus on spatially oriented structures rather than events in time introduces a deep conceptual flaw throughout its entire structure, including the measure of integrated information, known as .

Evaluating case studies of community-oriented integrated care.

This paper summarises a ten-year conversation within London Journal of Primary Care about the nature of community-oriented integrated care (COIC) and how to develop and evaluate it. COIC means integration of efforts for combined disease-treatment and health-enhancement at local, community level. COIC is similar to the World Health Organisation concept of a Community-Based Coordinating Hub - both require a local geographic area where different organisations align their activities for whole system integration and develop local communities for health.

The use of case studies to drive bottom-up leadership in community-oriented integrated care and health promotion (COIC).

is supporting a collaborative network of multidisciplinary colleagues with an interest in community-oriented health care and health promotion (COIC). Case study methodology is well suited to generating knowledge from the frontline of health and social care service delivery and is a much under-developed resource. It is most effective when dealing with problems, namely, the sort of complex, entangled and multi-faceted problems that successful COIC programmes must overcome.