A novel abuse liability assessment of e-cigarettes in young adults ii: Reinforcement enhancement and follow-up assessment.

A double-blind study was performed to test the abuse liability of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in young adults; in particular, the influence of nicotine on reward sensitivity was assessed. A total of 53 healthy nonusers participated in experimental sessions during which they played a video game made available on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement and self-administered nicotine via ENDS. Participants were randomized into one of three groups.

Potential effects of nicotine content in cigarettes on use of other substances.

A national nicotine reduction policy has the potential to reduce cigarette smoking and associated adverse health impacts among vulnerable populations. However, possible unanticipated adverse effects of reducing nicotine content in cigarettes, such as increasing the use of alcohol or other abused substances, must be examined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to varying doses of nicotine in cigarettes on use of other substances.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to induce attempts to quit tobacco among adults not ready to quit.

The prevalence of past-year smoking cessation remains below 10% in the U.S. Most who smoke are not ready to quit in the near future.

Reinforcement enhancement by nicotine: A novel abuse-liability assessment of e-cigarettes in young adults.

Nicotine can act as a primary positive reinforcer, and as negative reinforcer to relieve withdrawal; we tested whether it can also enhance the reinforcing efficacy of non-drug reinforcers. Young-adult never-users were delivered nicotine via e-cigarette, and a videogame reinforcer was used to test nicotine enhancement. Three dose groups were tested (placebo-only, 6 or 12-mg nicotine), and participants returned to the lab for several sessions over the course of 1 month.

Tobacco and Nicotine Use Among US Adult "Never Smokers" in Wave 4 (2016-2018) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.

Introduction: A common criterion for being labeled a "never smoker" is having smoked <100 lifetime cigarettes. This category is often used as an unexposed reference group to estimate the relative harm from cigarettes. We examined the amount of current and past cigarette and non-cigarette tobacco/nicotine use among adults who met this "never smoker" criterion.

Changes in Cigarette Consumption With Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes Among Smokers With Psychiatric Conditions or Socioeconomic Disadvantage: 3 Randomized Clinical Trials.

Importance: This study is part of a programmatic effort evaluating the effects of reducing nicotine content of cigarettes to minimally addictive levels.

Objective: To examine whether very low-nicotine-content (VLNC) cigarettes decrease smoking rates and dependence severity among smokers with psychiatric disorders or socioeconomic disadvantage.

Design, Setting, And Participants: These 3 randomized clinical trials were performed at the University of Vermont, Brown University, and Johns Hopkins University between October 2016 and September 2019.

Abuse liability of cigarettes with very low nicotine content in pregnant cigarette smokers.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has proposed reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes to a minimally-addictive level.

Both reducing cigarettes per day and transitioning to very low-nicotine-content cigarettes decreases demand for usual-brand cigarettes.

Reducing cigarettes per day (CPD) and transitioning to very low-nicotine-content (VLNC) cigarettes appear to decrease nicotine dependence. Other well-accepted measures of the addictiveness of cigarettes involve behavioral economic simulation models, such as the cigarette purchase task (CPT), which characterizes the reinforcing efficacy of cigarettes. Currently it is unclear whether reducing CPD or reducing nicotine through VLNC cigarettes leads to greater reductions in the reinforcing efficacy of cigarettes.

Relating individual differences in nicotine dependence severity to underpinning motivational and pharmacological processes among smokers from vulnerable populations.

We examined whether elucidating underpinning smoking motivation and related pharmacological processes enhances understanding of nicotine dependence among smokers from vulnerable populations. Data were obtained between Oct, 2016 and Sept, 2019 from 745 adult smokers with co-morbid psychiatric conditions or socioeconomic disadvantage at University of Vermont, Brown University, Johns Hopkins University. Smoking motivation was assessed using the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT), a behavioral-economic task that models the relative reinforcing value of smoking under varying monetary constraint.

Predictors of Smoking Cessation Attempts and Success Following Motivation-Phase Interventions Among People Initially Unwilling to Quit Smoking.

Introduction: Most people who smoke cigarettes are not willing (ie, not ready) to make a quit attempt (QA) at any given time. Unfortunately, interventions intended to increase QAs and the success of QAs are only modestly effective. Identifying processes leading to QAs and quitting success could guide intervention development.

Possible New Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal III: Reduced Positive Affect-A Review and Meta-analysis.

Introduction: Most descriptions of tobacco withdrawal have not changed in >30 years despite new research. This meta-analysis tested whether abstinence leads to decreased positive affect (PA) because abstinence-induced symptom changes are a core feature of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome. In addition, we examined whether reduced PA was due to withdrawal (ie, temporary decrease in a "U-shaped" curve) or offset (ie, return to baseline) effect.

Initial Information on a Novel Nicotine Product.

Background And Objectives: This is the first study to assess the appeal and interest among adults in a new consumer tobacco product, ZYN. We also describe ZYN users, patterns of use, and reasons for use.

Methods: Two data sets, consisting of a ZYN-naive consumer panel (n = 5179) and ZYN users (n = 1266), were provided by Swedish Match North America.

Investigating tobacco withdrawal in response to reduced nicotine cigarettes among smokers with opioid use disorder and other vulnerabilities.

Individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have high prevalence of smoking and poor cessation outcomes. Data suggest that smokers with OUD may experience heightened nicotine reinforcement and more severe tobacco withdrawal compared to smokers without OUD. The Food and Drug Administration is currently considering reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes to reduce smoking prevalence and smoking-related disease.

Potential Moderating Effects of Psychiatric Diagnosis and Symptom Severity on Subjective and Behavioral Responses to Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes.

Introduction: Given FDA's authority to implement a cigarette nicotine reduction policy, possible outcomes of this regulation must be examined, especially among those who may be most affected, such as those with comorbid psychiatric disorders.

Methods: In this secondary analysis of a multisite, randomized, clinical laboratory study, we used analyses of variance to examine the effects of nicotine dose (0.4, 2.

Increasing Quit Attempts by Transitioning to Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes Versus Reducing Number of Cigarettes Per Day: A Secondary Analysis of an Exploratory Randomized Trial.

Introduction: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has proposed reducing nicotine with very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes. In contrast, reducing nicotine by reducing number of cigarettes per day (CPD) is common. Our prior findings demonstrate that VLNC cigarettes decreased dependence more and were more acceptable than reducing CPD.

WITHDRAWN: Reduction versus abrupt cessation in smokers who want to quit.

Background: The standard way to stop smoking is to quit abruptly on a designated quit day. A number of smokers have tried unsuccessfully to quit this way. Reducing smoking before quitting could be an alternative approach to cessation.

Withdrawal Symptoms From E-Cigarette Abstinence Among Adult Never-Smokers: A Pilot Experimental Study.

Introduction: Use of e-cigarettes among never-smokers has substantially increased; yet there are few descriptions of the consequences of such use. We assessed whether adult never-smokers can have withdrawal from cessation of e-cigarettes.

Methods: In an un-blinded pre-post clinical trial, 30 never-smoker daily e-cigarette users used their own nicotine-containing e-cigarette for 7 days followed by 6 days of biologically confirmed abstinence.

Withdrawal Symptoms From E-Cigarette Abstinence Among Former Smokers: A Pre-Post Clinical Trial.

Introduction: The major aim of this study was to test whether abstinence from e-cigarettes causes withdrawal symptoms in former smokers.

Methods: We conducted an unblinded, within-participants, pre-post clinical trial in which 109 former smokers who were current daily electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users used their own e-cigarette for 7 days followed by 6 days of biologically confirmed abstinence engendered via an escalating contingency payment system. Participants monitored symptoms of nicotine withdrawal daily via an Interactive Voice Response system.