90-day oral toxicity study in rats of a protein-rich powder derived from Xanthobacter sp. SoF1.

Xanthobacter sp. SoF1 (SoF1) is an autotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria that produces protein-rich biomass and has potential to be an alternative protein source that is more environmentally sustainable than animal and plant derived proteins. A protein-rich powder derived from SoF1 was the test material in a 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study to explore major toxic effects, demonstrate target organs, and provide an estimate of a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL).

An evaluation of the genotoxicity and 90-day repeated dose oral toxicity in rats of Porphyridium purpureum.

Interest in microalgae products for use in food is increasing, as demands for sustainable and cost-effective food choices grow due to the escalating global population and increase in climate-related struggles with agriculture. Toxicological assessments of some species of microalgae have been conducted, but there were little data available for the oral consumption of the red microalgae Porphyridium purpureum and no data on genotoxicity. This article articulates a genotoxicity assessment and a 90-day repeated dose oral toxicity study in rats performed according to OECD guidelines.

A 90-day preclinical toxicological evaluation in rats of a highly purified and concentrated mulberry leaf extract.

Mulberry (genus Morus) leaves have long been used as a human food, especially in Asia, and animal feed. More recently, mulberry leaf extracts have been introduced as a convenient way to consume mulberry for non-nutritional functional effects. Reducose® 5% is an Morus alba leaf extract that has been highly purified and standardized to a content of 5 ± 0.

An evaluation of the genotoxicity and 90-day repeated-dose toxicity of a CBD-rich hemp oil.

Currently, there is much interest in the sales and study of consumable Cannabis sativa L. products that contain relatively high levels of cannabidiol (CBD) and low levels of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. While there are published safety evaluations for extracts containing low concentrations of CBD, toxicological assessments for those with higher concentrations are still scant in the public domain.

A 90-day toxicity study of tripeptide, arginine-alanine-lysine.

There is a growing global interest in using peptides in the health industry for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and natural food products. Peptides contain two or more linked amino acids, whereas more than 50 amino acids are classified as polypeptides. Although there is a growing level of interest in the use of peptides in the health and wellness industry, there is a lack of literature pertaining to a specific tripeptide derived from arginine, alanine, and lysine (RAK) that is of interest for human dietary use.

Toxicology and digestibility of Chlamydomonas debaryana green algal biomass.

There is an economic interest, both for food security and for the non-meat-eating population, in the development of novel, sustainable sources of high-quality protein. The green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has already been developed for this purpose, and the closely related species, Chlamydomonas debaryana, is a complementary source that also presents some additional advantages, such as reduced production cost. To determine whether C.

Toxicological evaluation of protein powder derived from Cupriavidus necator.

Microorganisms have the potential to produce nutrient-rich products that can be consumed as food or feed. The protein-rich powder derived from heat treatment of the whole-cell biomass of polyhydroxybutyrate-deficient Cupriavidus necator, a metabolically versatile organism that uses elements found in the air, is an example of such a product. To assess the safety of the protein powder for use as a nutritional ingredient in human food, in accordance with internationally accepted standards, its genotoxic potential and repeated-dose oral toxicity were investigated.

Safety evaluation of Veillonella atypica FB0054 with genotoxicity and subchronic toxicological studies.

Veillonella atypica is a nonmotile, nonsporulating anaerobic bacteria commonly found in various human biofilms. V. atypica FB0054 was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of marathon runners, who have increased amounts of this species after athletic events.

A toxicological evaluation of 8-28 nm gold nanocrystals.

Gold nanocrystals (AuNC) are gold nanoparticles (AuNP) relatively homogenous in size at 8-28 nm with clean surfaces and crystalline structures. There are concerns and a lack of consensus in the scientific literature and major regulatory bodies regarding not only the safety of nanoparticles when consumed by humans, but exactly how to determine their safety and whether evidence from a nanoparticle with one set of physiochemical properties extends to one with a different set. Additionally, there are few general long-term toxicity data on AuNP.

Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of protoporphyrin IX and the safety of a protoporphyrin IX-rich algal biomass.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a nonpathogenic, nontoxigenic green algae used as a sustainable source of protein in foods. In order to mimic meat-like qualities, a strain rich in protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), an endogenous heme/chlorophyll precursor, was developed using an evolution and selection strategy, and investigations were carried out to evaluate the safety of the novel strain, C. reinhardtii (red), strain TAI114 (TAI114).

A toxicological evaluation of lithium orotate.

Lithium orotate, the salt of lithium and orotic acid, has been marketed for decades as a supplemental source of lithium with few recorded adverse events. Nonetheless, there have been some concerns in the scientific literature regarding orotic acid, and pharmaceutical lithium salts are known to have a narrow therapeutic window, albeit, at lithium equivalent therapeutic doses 5.5-67 times greater than typically recommended for supplemental lithium orotate.

A toxicological evaluation of geranylgeraniol.

Geranylgeraniol (GGOH) is an isoprenoid compound found in annatto seeds and an intermediate of the mevalonate pathway found within organisms serving various functions. Toxicological studies on its safety profile are not readily available. To assess the safety of GGOH, a molecularly distilled, food grade annatto oil, consisting of approximately 80% trans-GGOH, was subjected to a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test in order to investigate its genotoxic potential and a 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in rats in order to investigate its potential subchronic toxicity and identify any target organs.

Assessment of toxicological potential of sodium carboxymethyl beta-glucan, a novel beta-glucan.

In this experimental work, sodium carboxymethyl beta-glucan (CMBG), a chemically altered beta-glucan, is evaluated for mutagenicity and sub-acute oral toxicity. Specifically, the tested material was CM-Glucan Nu, a food grade powder ≥90% CMBG derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A bacterial reverse mutation test was performed and resulted in no mutagenicity.

A toxicological evaluation of a fulvic and humic acids preparation.

Humic substances are ubiquitous in soils and waters. These complex superstructures are derived from the decomposition of dead plant and animal matter and are vital to soil health. Their heterogenous composition is specific to their site of origin and is comprised of weakly bound aggregates of small organic compounds that can sequester minerals and make them available to plants.

A toxicological evaluation of monomethylsilanetriol (MMST) stabilized in acacia gum, a novel silicon preparation.

Monomethylsilanetriol (MMST), a silicon-containing compound, has been sold in dietary supplements. However, toxicological studies on its safety profile are not readily available. To assess the safety of MMST stabilized in acacia gum, a novel delivery form of MMST, in accordance with internationally accepted standards, the genotoxic potential and repeated-dose oral toxicity of Living Silica® Acacia Gum Stabilized Monomethylsilanetriol (formerly known as Orgono Acacia Gum Powder®), a food grade product consisting of 80 ± 10% acacia gum and 2.

A Toxicological Evaluation of Germanium Sesquioxide (Organic Germanium).

A battery of OECD- and GLP-compliant toxicological studies was performed to assess the safety of a highly purified germanium sesquioxide, an organic form of the naturally occurring, nonessential trace element germanium. Germanium dioxide and germanium lactate citrate (inorganic germaniums) have been shown to induce renal toxicity, whereas germanium sesquioxide (an organic germanium) has been shown to have a more favorable safety profile. However, past toxicity studies on germanium sesquioxide compounds have not clearly stated the purity of the tested compounds.

A Toxicological Evaluation of Methylliberine (Dynamine®).

Methylliberine (CAS 51168-26-4), a methoxiuric acid, is a caffeine metabolite present at low levels in various plants; however, very little has been published regarding this compound and we could find no toxicological data in the public domain. Therefore, we undertook the toxicological investigation of a pure, synthetic form of methylliberine in order to evaluate its potential health hazards as a food ingredient. A (1) bacterial reverse mutation test, (2) in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, (3) in vivo mammalian micronucleus test, and (4) 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in rats with a 28-day recovery period were conducted.

A Toxicological Evaluation of Mango Leaf Extract () Containing 60% Mangiferin.

A battery of OECD- and GLP-compliant toxicological studies was performed on mango leaf extract () containing 60% mangiferin (MLE). No evidence of genotoxicity was found in a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames). While evidence of clastogenic activity was noted in an in vitro chromosomal aberration test, an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test showed no findings up to the limit dose (2000 mg/kg bw).

Toxicological Evaluation of a Mixture of and Root Extracts (InnoSlim®).

spp. and spp. have a long history of traditional human use.

Toxicological evaluations of colostrum ultrafiltrate.

Colostrum has been consumed safely for many years as a food collected directly from cows. More recently, an ultrafiltrated bovine colostrum product has been developed; however, its safety in toxicology studies has not been extensively evaluated. To assess the safety of bovine colostrum ultrafiltrate, in accordance with internationally accepted standards, the genotoxic potential was investigated in a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro chromosomal aberration test, and an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test.

A comprehensive toxicological safety assessment of an extract of Ageratum conyzoides.

A battery of toxicological studies was conducted to aid in the safety assessment of an ethanolic extract of Ageratum conyzoides for use as an ingredient in food. In accordance with internationally accepted standards, a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test, and a 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in rats were performed. In the first three applied test systems, no evidence of mutagenicity, clastogenicity or genotoxicity was revealed.

An Assessment of the Genotoxicity and Subchronic Toxicity of a Supercritical Fluid Extract of the Aerial Parts of Hemp.

A battery of toxicological studies was conducted on a supercritical CO extract of the aerial parts of the plant, containing approximately 25% cannabinoids. No evidence of genotoxicity was found in a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames), in an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, or in an in vivo mouse micronucleus study. A 14-day repeated oral dose-range finding study conducted in Wistar rats at 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg bw/day resulted in effects where a NOAEL could not be concluded.

A Toxicological Assessment of Creatyl-l-Leucine.

A battery of toxicological studies was conducted to investigate the genotoxicity and repeated-dose oral toxicity of creatyl-l-leucine, a synthetic compound, in rats in accordance with internationally accepted guidelines. There was no evidence of mutagenicity in a bacterial reverse mutation test and in an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test. There was no genotoxic activity observed in an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test at concentrations up to the limit dose of 2,000 mg/kg bw/d.

A Toxicological Evaluation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a Green Algae.

There is a current worldwide interest in developing novel sustainable nonanimal nutritional sources, and one such source is the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the only green algae that has been studied as a model organism for many biological processes ranging from photosynthesis to flagellar movement. However, its potential as a safe nutritional source for use in various foods has not been thoroughly investigated. To assess the safety of C reinhardtii for use as a nutritional human food ingredient, in accordance with internationally accepted standards, the genotoxic potential and repeated-dose oral toxicity of the dried C reinhardtii (THN 6) algal biomass was investigated.

A 28-day oral toxicology study of an aqueous extract of (Fernblock).

Fernblock is a standardized commercial aqueous extraction of the leaves of the tropical fern promoted as an orally active photoprotective substance. In a previous battery of toxicological tests on Fernblock, no genotoxicy was observed and no oral toxicity was observed up to 1200 mg/kg bw/day. The current study was conducted in Hsd.