Carcinogenic Mechanisms of Hexavalent Chromium: From DNA Breaks to Chromosome Instability and Neoplastic Transformation.

Purpose Of Review: Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a well-established human carcinogen, yet the mechanisms by which it leads to carcinogenic outcomes is still unclear. As a driving factor in its carcinogenic mechanism, Cr(VI) causes DNA double strand breaks and break-repair deficiency, leading to the development of chromosome instability. Therefore, the aim of this review is to discuss studies assessing Cr(VI)-induced DNA double strand breaks, chromosome damage and instability, and neoplastic transformation including cell culture, experimental animal, human pathology and epidemiology studies.

Carers in post-stroke aphasia: a scoping review of interventions and outcomes beyond communication partner training.

Purpose: Carers of people with aphasia face unique challenges. Research has demonstrated that these carers have a higher burden of care and more negative stroke-related outcomes in comparison to carers of stroke survivors without aphasia. The aim of this scoping review was to map the range of interventions for carers other than communication partner training and to examine their outcomes.

Establishing Quality Indicators and Implementation Priorities for Post-Stroke Aphasia Services Through End-User Involvement.

Background: Currently, there are no agreed quality standards for post-stroke aphasia services. Therefore, it is unknown if care reflects best practices or meets the expectations of people living with aphasia. We aimed to (1) shortlist, (2) operationalise and (3) prioritise best practice recommendations for post-stroke aphasia care.

Cigarette smoking decline among US young adults from 2000 to 2019, in relation to state-level cigarette price and tobacco control expenditure.

Objective: To investigate the association of state-level cigarette price and tobacco control expenditure with the large 2000-2019 decline in cigarette smoking among US 18-24 year-olds.

Methods: Smoking behaviour was assessed in the 24 most populous US states using the 1992-2019 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey; association with price and expenditure was tested using adjusted logistic regression. States were ranked by inflation-adjusted average price and tobacco control expenditure and grouped into tertiles.

Adapting a group-based, multimodal aphasia treatment for telehealth - co-design of M-MAT Tele.

Multi-Modality Aphasia Treatment (M-MAT) is an effective group intervention for post-stroke aphasia. M-MAT employs interactive card games and the modalities of gesture, drawing, reading, and writing to improve spoken language. However, there are challenges to implementation of group interventions such as M-MAT, particularly for those who cannot travel or live in rural areas.

Positive effects of speech and language therapy group interventions in primary progressive aphasia: A systematic review.

Background: Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative condition characterised by a prominent and progressive deterioration in language abilities, which significantly impacts quality of life and interpersonal relationships. Speech and language therapy plays a crucial role in offering interventions. Group intervention is one mode of delivery that could benefit communication functioning and overall wellbeing of people with PPA (pwPPA) and their care partners.

Cultural Theory, Wildfire Information Source, and Agency Public Trust: A Central Oregon Case Study.

With the increasing occurrence and severity of wildfires in the U.S., and especially in the forests and rangelands of the western U.

Declines in cigarette smoking among US adolescents and young adults: indications of independence from e-cigarette vaping surge.

Objective: To compare trends in cigarette smoking and nicotine vaping among US population aged 17-18 years and 18-24 years.

Methods: Regression analyses identified trends in ever and current use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes, using three US representative surveys from 1992 to 2022.

Results: From 1997 to 2020, cigarette smoking prevalence among those aged 18-24 years decreased from 29.

AI-Generated Images for Speech Pathology-An Exploratory Application to Aphasia Assessment and Intervention Materials.

Purpose: Images are a core component of aphasia assessment and intervention that require significant resources to produce or source. Text-to-image generation is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology that has recently made significant advances and could be a source of low-cost, highly customizable images. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of AI image generation for use in aphasia by examining its efficiency and cost during generation of typical images.

Patterns of Daily Cigarette and E-cigarette Use among United States Youth and Young Adults: Insights from the Truth Longitudinal Cohort between 2018 and 2019.

Purpose: Temporal patterns of daily tobacco product use among ever users from the Truth Longitudinal Cohort (TLC) between 2018 and 2019 were explored.

Methods: The sample (N = 5274) includes individuals (15-36 years), residing in the United States, who had ever used any tobacco product at Wave 7 (February - May 2018) and provided tobacco use information at Wave 9 (September - December 2019).

Results: There was a nonsignificant 1.

Living Alone, Physical Health, and Mortality in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study.

Living alone, particularly for individuals with poor physical health, can increase the likelihood of mortality. This study aimed to explore the individual and joint associations of living alone and physical health with overall mortality among breast cancer survivors in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL). We collected baseline, 12-month and 48-month data among 2869 women enrolled in the WHEL cohort.

Changes in Tobacco Dependence and Association With Onset and Progression of Use by Product Type From Waves 1 to 3 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.

Introduction: This study examined trajectories of tobacco dependence (TD) in relationship to changes in tobacco product use, and explored the effects of product-specific adding, switching, or discontinued use on dependence over time.

Aims And Methods: Data were analyzed from the first three waves from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, a nationally representative, longitudinal study of adults and youth in the United States. Data included 9556 wave 1 (2013-2014) adult current established tobacco users aged 18 or older who completed all three interviews and had established use at ≥2 assessments.

Indicators of Tobacco Dependence Among Youth: Findings From Wave 1 (2013-2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.

Background: Prior work established a measure of tobacco dependence (TD) among adults that can be used to compare TD across different tobacco products. We extend this approach to develop a common, cross-product metric for TD among youth.

Methods: One thousand one hundred and forty-eight youth aged 12-17 who used a tobacco product in the past 30 days were identified from 13 651 youth respondents in Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.

Trends in cigarette consumption across the United States, with projections to 2035.

Objectives: To make projections of cigarette consumption that incorporate state-specific trends in smoking behaviors, assess the potential for states to reach an ideal target, and identify State-specific targets for cigarette consumption.

Methods: We used 70 years (1950-2020) of annual state-specific estimates of per capita cigarette consumption (expressed as packs per capita or "ppc") from the Tax Burden on Tobacco reports (N = 3550). We summarized trends within each state by linear regression models and the variation in rates across states by the Gini coefficient.

Non-postoperative Central Retinal Artery and Ophthalmic Artery Occlusion With Compression Ischemia Due to Prolonged Sedation In Prone Position.

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) after a prolonged period of lying prone is a rare condition with only a handful of cases reported, generally as a postoperative complication of spinal surgery. Only a few cases can be found describing acute visual loss following intravenous drug abuse and stupor leading to continuous pressure on the orbit while asleep. No cases can be found describing acute visual loss following the ingestion of oral sedating/antipsychotic medications.

Examining Dose Frameworks to Improve Aphasia Rehabilitation Research.

The effect of treatment dose on recovery of post-stroke aphasia is not well understood. Inconsistent conceptualization, measurement, and reporting of the multiple dimensions of dose hinders efforts to evaluate dose-response relations in aphasia rehabilitation research. We review the state of dose conceptualization in aphasia rehabilitation and compare the applicability of 3 existing dose frameworks to aphasia rehabilitation research-the Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type (FITT) principle, the Cumulative Intervention Intensity (CII) framework, and the Multidimensional Dose Articulation Framework (MDAF).

Hierarchical Modeling of Psychosocial, Parental, and Environmental Factors for Susceptibility to Tobacco Product Use in 9-10-Year-Old Children.

Purpose: Tobacco use during early adolescence can harm brain development and cause adverse health outcomes. Identifying susceptibility in early adolescence before initiation presents an opportunity for tobacco use prevention.

Methods: Data were drawn from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study that enrolled 9-10-year-old children in 21 US cities between 2016 and 2018 at baseline.

Partisan polarization, historical heritage, and public health: Exploring COVID-19 outcomes.

When the COVID-19 virus first arrived in the United States in early 2020, many epidemiologists and public health officers counseled for shutdowns and advised policymakers to prepare for a major pandemic. In 2020, though, US society was rife with major political and cultural divides. Some elected leaders promoted policies at odds with the experts, and many people refused to heed the public health-based communications about the coming pandemic.