Locality is the strongest predictor of expert performance in image-based differentiation of bacterial and fungal corneal ulcers from India.

Purpose: This study sought to identify the sources of differential performance and misclassification error among local (Indian) and external (non-Indian) corneal specialists in identifying bacterial and fungal keratitis based on corneal photography.

Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of survey data assessing the ability of corneal specialists to identify acute bacterial versus fungal keratitis by using corneal photography. One-hundred images of 100 eyes from 100 patients with acute bacterial or fungal keratitis in South India were previously presented to an international cohort of cornea specialists for interpretation over the span of April to July 2021.

Implementation of optical coherence tomography in retinopathy of prematurity screening.

Purpose Of Review: In this review, we explore the investigational applications of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), the insights they have delivered thus far, and key milestones for its integration into the standard of care.

Recent Findings: While OCT has been widely integrated into clinical management of common retinal diseases, its use in pediatric contexts has been undermined by limitations in ergonomics, image acquisition time, and field of view. Recently, investigational handheld OCT devices have been reported with advancements including ultra-widefield view, noncontact use, and high-speed image capture permitting real-time en face visualization.

Macular Thickness Is Associated with Persistent Avascular Retina in Patients with a History of Untreated Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Objective:: To evaluate the relationship between central macular thickness (CMT) and the presence of persistent avascular retina (PAR) in previously premature children.

Methods:: 17 4-8 year olds with a history of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening were recruited, and underwent OCT and ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFFA).

Results:: CMT was higher in PAR patients ( < 0.

Operationalization of Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening by the Application of the Essential Public Health Services Framework.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is one of the leading causes of preventable pediatric blindness worldwide. ROP screening programs have been previously implemented in multiple low- and middle-income countries. On a global scale, it is crucial that evidence-based, standardized screening criteria are utilized in the early detection and treatment of ROP.

Improving the repeatability of deep learning models with Monte Carlo dropout.

The integration of artificial intelligence into clinical workflows requires reliable and robust models. Repeatability is a key attribute of model robustness. Ideal repeatable models output predictions without variation during independent tests carried out under similar conditions.

Health Equity and Disparities in ROP Care: A Need for Systematic Evaluation.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative retinal disorder that can have devastating visual sequelae if not managed appropriately. From an ophthalmology standpoint, ROP care is complex, since it spans multiple care settings and providers, including those in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), step down nurseries, and the outpatient clinic setting. This requires coordination and communication between providers, ancillary staff, and most importantly, effective communication with the patient's family members and caregivers.

Federated Learning for Multicenter Collaboration in Ophthalmology: Implications for Clinical Diagnosis and Disease Epidemiology.

Objective: To utilize a deep learning (DL) model trained via federated learning (FL), a method of collaborative training without sharing patient data, to delineate institutional differences in clinician diagnostic paradigms and disease epidemiology in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Design: Evaluation of a diagnostic test or technology.

Subjects And Controls: We included 5245 patients with wide-angle retinal imaging from the neonatal intensive care units of 7 institutions as part of the Imaging and Informatics in ROP study.

Federated Learning for Multicenter Collaboration in Ophthalmology: Improving Classification Performance in Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Objective: To compare the performance of deep learning classifiers for the diagnosis of plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) trained using 2 methods for developing models on multi-institutional data sets: centralizing data versus federated learning (FL) in which no data leave each institution.

Design: Evaluation of a diagnostic test or technology.

Subjects: Deep learning models were trained, validated, and tested on 5255 wide-angle retinal images in the neonatal intensive care units of 7 institutions as part of the Imaging and Informatics in ROP study.

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants with retinopathy of prematurity.

Over the past decade there has been a paradigm shift in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with the introduction of antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatments. Anti-VEGF agents have the advantages of being easier to administer, requiring less anesthesia, having the potential for improved peripheral vision, and producing less refractive error than laser treatment. On the other hand, it is known that intravitreal administration of anti-VEGF agents lowers VEGF levels in the blood and raises the theoretical concern of intraocular anti-VEGF causing deleterious effects in other organ systems, including the brain.

Aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity in two cohorts of patients in South India: implications for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

Background: Aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (APROP), which has a poor visual prognosis, is common in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as a result of suboptimal oxygen monitoring (primary prevention). The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes in APROP eyes treated with laser to eyes treated with antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy.

Methods: The medical records of a cohort of APROP eyes treated with anti-VEGF (2010-2018) and another of eyes treated with laser photocoagulation (2002-2010) at the same institution in South India were reviewed retrospectively and compared.

Evaluation of a deep learning image assessment system for detecting severe retinopathy of prematurity.

Background: Prior work has demonstrated the near-perfect accuracy of a deep learning retinal image analysis system for diagnosing plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Here we assess the screening potential of this scoring system by determining its ability to detect all components of ROP diagnosis.

Methods: Clinical examination and fundus photography were performed at seven participating centres.

Artificial intelligence and deep learning in ophthalmology.

Artificial intelligence (AI) based on deep learning (DL) has sparked tremendous global interest in recent years. DL has been widely adopted in image recognition, speech recognition and natural language processing, but is only beginning to impact on healthcare. In ophthalmology, DL has been applied to fundus photographs, optical coherence tomography and visual fields, achieving robust classification performance in the detection of diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity, the glaucoma-like disc, macular oedema and age-related macular degeneration.

Ultra-Wide-Field Fundus Autofluorescence and Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Syphilitic Outer Retinitis.

Background And Objective: To determine the ultra-wide-field fundus autofluorescence (UWFFAF) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) features of syphilitic outer retinopathy (SOR).

Patients And Methods: Retrospective chart review.

Results: Three patients with SOR were investigated.

Wide-field retinal imaging in the management of noninfectious posterior uveitis.

Purpose: To determine whether the use of ultra wide-field imaging changes the management or determination of disease activity in patients with noninfectious posterior uveitis.

Design: Prospective, observational case series.

Methods: setting: Divisions of Retina and Ocular Immunology at single academic medical center.