Enhanced Local Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Capacity and Microvascular Blood Flow Following 7-Day Ischemic Preconditioning in Healthy Humans.

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), which involves intermittent periods of ischemia followed by reperfusion, is an effective clinical intervention that reduces the risk of myocardial injury and confers ischemic tolerance to skeletal muscle. Repeated bouts of IPC have been shown to stimulate long-term changes vascular function, however, it is unclear what metabolic adaptations may occur locally in the muscle. Therefore, we investigated 7 days of bilateral lower limb IPC (4 × 5 min) above limb occlusion pressure (220 mmHg; = 10), or sham (20 mmHg; = 10), on local muscle oxidative capacity and microvascular blood flow.

Efficacy of Repeated Cold Water Immersion on Recovery After a Simulated Rugby Union Protocol.

Barber, S, Pattison, J, Brown, F, and Hill, J. Efficacy of repeated cold water immersion on recovery after a simulated rugby union protocol. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3523-3529, 2020-Training and athletic competition frequently results in exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD).

An Attempt to Integrate Previous Localized Estimates of Human Inbreeding for the Whole of Britain.

There have been a number of previous estimates of human inbreeding for Britons of British descent in Britain, each generally for different social classes, geographical regions, and/or time periods. In this study I attempted to collect all relevant published studies and combine these disparate results into an integrated whole for all of Britain. This was achieved by combining weighted means of the percentage of consanguineous marriages (f%) reported in these earlier studies: weighted according to the number of records each author examined, the proportion of social classes or geographic regions covered by the records, and the "merit" of their individual research methodologies.

The impact of badminton on health markers in untrained females.

The purpose of the study was to examine the health effects of 8 weeks of recreational badminton in untrained women. Participants were matched for maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O) and body fat percentage and assigned to either a badminton (n = 14), running (n = 14) or control group (n = 8). Assessments were conducted pre- and post-intervention with physiological, anthropometric, motivation to exercise and physical self-esteem data collected.

Measurement uncertainty analysis of low-dose-rate prostate seed brachytherapy: post-implant dosimetry.

The minimal dose covering 90 % of the prostate volume--D 90--is arguably the most important dosimetric parameter in low-dose-rate prostate seed brachytherapy. In this study an analysis of the measurement uncertainties in D 90 from low-dose-rate prostate seed brachytherapy was conducted for two common treatment procedures with two different post-implant dosimetry methods. The analysis was undertaken in order to determine the magnitude of D 90 uncertainty, how the magnitude of the uncertainty varied when D 90 was calculated using different dosimetry methods, and which factors were the major contributors to the uncertainty.

The Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Repeated Sprint Cycling Performance.

Purpose: Ischemic preconditioning enhances exercise performance. We tested the hypothesis that ischemic preconditioning would improve intermittent exercise in the form of a repeated sprint test during cycling ergometry.

Methods: In a single-blind, crossover study, 14 recreationally active men (mean ± SD age, 22.

The influence of aerobic fitness on the recovery of peak power output.

Purpose: The aims of this study were to evaluate the recovery kinetics of peak power output (PPO) following a maximal sprint, and to evaluate the influence of aerobic fitness on that recovery process.

Methods: On separate occasions, 16 well-trained men (age: 21 ± 3 years; height: 1.84 ± 0.

Effects of dietary nitrate, caffeine, and their combination on 20-km cycling time trial performance.

The aim of this study was to examine the acute supplementation effects of dietary nitrate, caffeine, and their combination on 20-km cycling time trial performance. Using a randomized, counterbalanced, double-blind Latin-square design, 14 competitive female cyclists (age: 31 ± 7 years; height: 1.69 ± 0.

The interaction of natural background gamma radiation with depleted uranium micro-particles in the human body.

In this study, some characteristics of the photo-electrons produced when natural background gamma radiation interacts with micron-sized depleted uranium (DU) particles in the human body have been estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, an estimate has been made of the likelihood of radiological health effects occurring due to such an exposure. Upon exposure to naturally occurring background gamma radiation, DU particles in the body will produce an enhancement of the dose to the tissue in the immediate vicinity of the particles due to the photo-electric absorption of the radiation in the particle.

Caffeine and sprinting performance: dose responses and efficacy.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of caffeine supplementation on sprint cycling performance and to determine if there was a dose-response effect. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 17 well-trained men (age: 24 ± 6 years, height: 1.82 ± 0.

Integration versus apartheid in post-Roman Britain: a response to Thomas et Al. (2008).

The genetic surveys of the population of Britain conducted by Weale et al. and Capelli et al. produced estimates of the Germani immigration into Britain during the early Anglo-Saxon period, c.

Perceptual and physiological responses to recovery from a maximal 30-second sprint.

The aims of this study were to evaluate perceptions of postexercise recovery and to compare patterns of perceived recovery with those of several potential mediating physiological variables. Seventeen well-trained men (age: 22 ± 4 years; height: 1.83 ± 0.

Trekking poles reduce exercise-induced muscle injury during mountain walking.

Unlabelled: Temporary muscle damage precipitated by downhill walking affects muscle function and potentially exposes muscle to further musculoskeletal injury.

Purpose: We hypothesized that the use of trekking poles would help maintain muscle function and reduce indices of muscle damage after a day's mountain trekking.

Methods: Thirty-seven physically active males (n = 26) and females (n = 11) volunteered to participate and were divided into either a trekking pole (TP) or no pole (NP) group.

Uncertainties in effective dose estimates of adult CT head scans: the effect of head size.

Purpose: This study is an extension of a previous study where the uncertainties in effective dose estimates from adult CT head scans were calculated using four CT effective dose estimation methods, three of which were computer programs (CT-EXPO, CTDOSIMETRY, and IMPACTDOSE) and one that involved the dose length product (DLP). However, that study did not include the uncertainty contribution due to variations in head sizes.

Methods: The uncertainties due to head size variations were estimated by first using the computer program data to calculate doses to small and large heads.

Enhancement of natural background gamma-radiation dose around uranium microparticles in the human body.

Ongoing controversy surrounds the adverse health effects of the use of depleted uranium (DU) munitions. The biological effects of gamma-radiation arise from the direct or indirect interaction between secondary electrons and the DNA of living cells. The probability of the absorption of X-rays and gamma-rays with energies below about 200 keV by particles of high atomic number is proportional to the third to fourth power of the atomic number.

On the uncertainties in effective dose estimates of adult CT head scans.

Estimates of the effective dose to adult patients from computed tomography (CT) head scanning can be calculated using a number of different methods. These estimates can be used for a variety of purposes, such as improving scanning protocols, comparing different CT imaging centers, and weighing the benefits of the scan against the risk of radiation-induced cancer. The question arises: What is the uncertainty in these effective dose estimates? This study calculates the uncertainty of effective dose estimates produced by three computer programs (CT-EXPO, CTDosimetry, and ImpactDose) and one method that makes use of dose-length product (DLP) values.

The reliability and validity of fatigue measures during multiple-sprint work: an issue revisited.

The ability to repeatedly produce a high-power output or sprint speed is a key fitness component of most field and court sports. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of eight different approaches to quantify this parameter in tests of multiple-sprint performance. Ten physically active men completed two trials of each of two multiple-sprint running protocols with contrasting recovery periods.

Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England?

It has recently been argued that there was an apartheid-like social structure operating in Early Anglo-Saxon England. This was proposed in order to explain the relatively high degree of similarity between Germanic-speaking areas of northwest Europe and England. Opinions vary as to whether there was a substantial Germanic invasion or only a relatively small number arrived in Britain during this period.

Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma: spectrum of imaging findings with pathologic correlation.

Gastrointestinal lymphoma is an uncommon disease but is the most frequently occurring extranodal lymphoma and is almost exclusively of non-Hodgkin type. Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma most commonly involves the stomach but can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum. Risk factors for the development of gastrointestinal lymphoma include Helicobacter pylori infection, immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Uncertainties of exposure-related quantities in mammographic x-ray unit quality control.

Breast screening programs operate in many countries with mammographic x-ray units subject to stringent quality control tests. These tests include the evaluation of quantities based on exposure measurements, such as half value layer, automatic exposure control reproducibility, average glandular dose, and radiation output rate. There are numerous error sources that contribute to the uncertainty of these exposure-related quantities, some of which are unique to the low energy x-ray spectrum produced by mammographic x-ray units.

Ensuring appropriate use of blood transfusion in anaemia.

Recent concerns over the blood transfusion service have highlighted the importance of ensuring that transfusion practice is safe and effective. One area of concern is the inappropriate use of red cell transfusions in patients presenting with anaemia, which unnecessarily exposes patients to transfusion risks and fails to address the underlying cause of the condition. This article reports on the development of an algorithm to help clinicians make decisions on the use of red cell transfusion.

Experimental simulation of A-bomb gamma ray spectra: revisited.

It has been reported recently that the A-bomb gamma ray spectra received by the colon of the average Japanese survivor of Hiroshima and Nagasaki may be experimentally simulated using a hospital-based Philips SL15 linear accelerator. The simulated A-bomb gamma radiation may be used in radiobiology experiments to determine, amongst other things, the biological effectiveness of the A-bomb gamma radiation. However, in that study, the electron beams from the linear accelerator were poorly defined and photon contamination was ignored.

Effect of the bubonic plague epidemic on inbreeding in 14th century Britain.

The purpose of the study reported here was to further investigate a new method of estimating inbreeding in large, relatively isolated populations over historic times, as reported by Pattison (1999, 2001). The method is based on modeling the genealogical "paradox" and produces values of Pearl's coefficients of inbreeding as a function of time for any given population curve. In particular, this study demonstrates that the new method of estimating inbreeding may be used to examine the effect of unusual features in population curves on levels of inbreeding in that population.