Estimating the prevalence of drawing in clinical practice among kiwi doctors.

Drawing has played a key role in the development and dissemination of Medicine and Surgery, such as to share anatomy, pathology, and techniques for clinical interventions. While many of the visuals used in medicine today are created by medical illustration professionals, and by imaging techniques such as photography and radiography; many doctors continue to draw routinely in their clinical practice. This is known to be valued by patients, for example when making informed decisions about care.

Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cell Dysfunction and PD-1 Expression in Prostate Cancer: Implications for Immunotherapy.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Despite an abundance of prostate-specific antigens, immunotherapies have yet to become a standard of care, potentially limited by T-cell dysfunction. Up to 10% of human circulating T-cells, and a significant fraction in the urogenital tract, are mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells.

Relapse patterns after low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy.

Purpose: When biochemical failure (BF) develops after low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy, the relapse site is frequently not found. We set out to find whether prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography -CT (PSMA PET-CT) scanning has improved knowledge of relapse patterns.

Methods And Materials: A database was analyzed, which contained information and long-term followup on 903 men who had an iodine-125 seed implant as monotherapy for early-stage prostate cancer.

Dataset for the reporting of renal biopsy for tumour: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR).

The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) has developed a suite of detailed datasets for international implementation. These datasets are based on the reporting protocols developed by the Royal College of Pathologists (UK), The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia and the College of American Pathologists, with modifications undertaken by international expert groups appointed according to ICCR protocols. The dataset for the reporting of renal biopsy for tumour is designed to provide a structured reporting template containing minimum data recording key elements suitable for international use.

A prospective audit of the 10-year outcomes from low dose-rate brachytherapy for early stage prostate cancer.

Aim: New Zealand men diagnosed with early stage prostate cancer need to know what outcomes to expect from management options.

Methods: Between 2001 and 2016, 951 men were treated with low dose-rate brachytherapy (permanent iodine-125 seed implantation) by the Wellington Prostate Brachytherapy Group based at Southern Cross Hospital, Wellington. At follow up after treatment, men had their PSA measured and were scored for urinary, bowel and sexual side effects.

Data set for the reporting of carcinoma of renal tubular origin: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR).

Aims: The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) has provided detailed data sets based upon the published reporting protocols of the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia and the College of American Pathologists.

Methods And Results: The data set for carcinomas of renal tubular origin treated by nephrectomy was developed to provide a minimum structured reporting template suitable for international use, and incorporated recommendations from the 2012 Vancouver Consensus Conference of the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) and the fourth edition of the World Health Organisation Bluebook on tumours of the urinary and male genital systems published in 2016. Reporting elements were divided into those, which are required and recommended components of the report.

Proteins Annexin A2 and PSA in Prostate Cancer Biopsies Do Not Predict Biochemical Failure.

Background/aim: We previously reported the use of mass spectrometry and western blotting to identify proteins from tumour regions of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsies from 16 men who presented with apparently localized prostate cancer, and found that annexin A2 (ANXA2) appeared to be a better predictor of subsequent biochemical failure than prostate-specific antigen (PSA).

Materials And Methods: In this follow-up study, ANXA2 and PSA were measured using western blotting of proteins extracted from biopsies from 37 men from a subsequent prostate cancer trial.

Results: No significant differences in ANXA2 and PSA levels were observed between men with and without biochemical failure.

Mucinous adenocarcinoma of prostate and prostatic adenocarcinoma with mucinous components: a clinicopathological analysis of 143 cases.

Aim: The clinical significance of mucinous prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) remains uncertain.

Methods: From 6440 cases of PCa treated by radical prostatectomy from 2009 to 2014, mucinous components of 5-100% were found in 143 (2.2%) cases.

Proteins from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate cancer sections that predict the risk of metastatic disease.

Background: Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and the third leading cause of cancer related deaths among men living in developed countries. Biomarkers that predict disease outcome at the time of initial diagnosis would substantially aid disease management.

Results: Proteins extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue were identified using nanoflow liquid chromatography-MALDI MS/MS or after separation by one- or two-dimensional electrophoresis.

Gleason and Fuhrman no longer make the grade.

Grading is an important prognostic parameter for prostate adenocarcinoma and renal cell carcinoma (RCC); however, the most frequently used classifications fail to account for advances in our understanding of the diagnostic features, classification and/or behaviour of these tumours. In 2005 and 2014, the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) proposed changes to Gleason scoring with the adoption of the ISUP grading for prostate cancer in 2014 (grade 1, score 3 + 3; grade 2, score 3 + 4; grade 3, score 4 + 3; grade 4, score 8; grade 5, score 9-10). Internationally the Fuhrman grading system is widely employed despite criticisms related to its application, validity, and reproducibility.

Pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: an extreme form of tumour de-differentiation.

Aims: Vesical pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma (PGCC) is a variant of urothelial carcinoma (UC) characterized by highly pleomorphic tumour with giant cells. Fewer than 10 cases have been reported, and our aim was to determine the clinical and pathological features of a series of tumours from a specialized uropathology laboratory.

Methods And Results: Thirteen cases of PGCC of the bladder were identified.

Consensus statement with recommendations on active surveillance inclusion criteria and definition of progression in men with localized prostate cancer: the critical role of the pathologist.

Active surveillance (AS) is an important management option for men with low-risk, clinically localized prostate cancer. The clinical parameters for patient selection and definition of progression for AS protocols are evolving as data from several large cohorts matures. Vital to this process is the critical role pathologic parameters play in identifying appropriate candidates for AS.

A comparison of cancer statistics in New Zealand and Australia: 1996-2007.

Aim: To compare the burden and outcomes of cancer in New Zealand with those in Australia.

Methods: For the years 1996-1997 and 2006-2007, the incidence and mortality of cancer in New Zealand and Australia was compared to determine if differences between the two countries had changed over the decade under study. Summarised cancer data from New Zealand and Australia, age standardised to the 2002 World Health Organisation's standard population, were used to make the comparisons.

The critical role of the pathologist in determining eligibility for active surveillance as a management option in patients with prostate cancer: consensus statement with recommendations supported by the College of American Pathologists, International Society of Urological Pathology, Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology, the New Zealand Society of Pathologists, and the Prostate Cancer Foundation.

Context: Prostate cancer remains a significant public health problem. Recent publications of randomized trials and the US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations have drawn attention to overtreatment of localized, low-risk prostate cancer. Active surveillance, in which patients undergo regular visits with serum prostate-specific antigen tests and repeat prostate biopsies, rather than aggressive treatment with curative intent, may address overtreatment of low-risk prostate cancer.

Patterns of failure after iodine-125 seed implantation for prostate cancer.

Purpose: To determine the site of relapse when biochemical failure (BF) occurs after iodine-125 seed implantation for prostate cancer.

Materials And Methods: From 2001-2009, 500 men underwent implantation in Wellington, New Zealand. Men who sustained BF were placed on relapse guidelines that delayed restaging and intervention until the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was ⩾20 ng/mL.

Clinical significance of cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens: analysis from a contemporary series of 2900 men.

With prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing, up to 49% of detected tumours are small and in some of these cases there is a possibility that the tumour will remain clinically insignificant during the patient's remaining lifetime. The current study was performed to characterise the extent of cancer in men treated by radical prostatectomy (RP) in a community without population-based PSA screening. Clinical and pathological data of 2900 patients who underwent RP between 2008 and 2012 were analysed.

PSA screening in New Zealand: total population results and general practitioners' current attitudes and practices.

Aims: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men in New Zealand. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a screening tool for prostate cancer remains controversial. The aim was to determine the rate of PSA screening in New Zealand and to survey general practitioners' utility of PSA and their attitudes towards PSA screening.

Total submission of pelvic lymphadenectomy tissues removed during radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer increases lymph node yield and detection of micrometastases.

Aims: The detection of lymph node metastases has prognostic and therapeutic implications for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Macroscopic identification of pelvic lymph nodes in surgical lymphadenectomy specimens can be difficult, with a potential for incomplete submission of lymph nodes for microscopic examination. This study was undertaken to determine whether complete sampling of lymphadenectomy specimens would improve the detection of metastatic disease in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy.