Effects of intraosseous transfusion of whole blood on hemolysis and transfusion time in a swine model of hemorrhagic shock: a pilot study.

This prospective, experimental, mixed study determined whether there were differences in intraosseous (IO) and intravenous (IV) whole blood transfusion relative to hemolysis and transfusion time. Swine were assigned to the IV group (n = 6) with an 18-gauge catheter in the auricular vein or the IO group (n = 7) with a 15-gauge 10 needle in the proximal humerus. Following baseline specimen collection, 900 mL of blood was collected from each animal.