Impact of Shiftwork on Retinal Vasculature Diameters over a 5-Year Period: A Preliminary Investigation Using the BCOPS Study Data.

Our aim was to investigate the impact of shiftwork on changes in central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE), a measure of arteriolar width, and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE), a measure of venular width, over five years. The participants were 117 officers (72.7% men) examined at the first (2011-2014) and second (2015-2019) follow-up examinations in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress study.

Proportionate mortality and national rate of death from COVID-19 among US law enforcement officers: 2020.

Purpose –: The goal of the present study is to determine the proportionate mortality and national rate of duty-related deaths from COVID-19 among US law enforcement officers during the year 2020.

Design/methodology/approach –: Data for the current study were obtained from the National Law Enforcement Officer Memorial Fund (NLEOMF) database for the year 2020. The database contains deaths designated as caused by incidents that occurred while in the line of duty.

Mental Health Treatment Reported by US Workers before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: United States (2019-2020).

The COVID-19 pandemic introduced a significant and unprecedented exacerbation of community mental health challenges. We compared the prevalence of mental health treatment (MHT) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among US workers. Self-reported MHT data (N = 30,680) were obtained from the Sample Adult data of the National Health Interview Survey (2019 and 2020).

Adverse childhood experiences and police mental health.

Purpose –: The purpose of this study is to examine cross-sectional associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and mental health among police officers.

Design/methodology/approach –: The sample was from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress study data (132 male and 51 female officers). Standardized surveys were administered to participants.

Association Between the Metabolic Syndrome and Retinal Microvascular Diameters Among Police Officers.

Objectives: We examined the associations of the metabolic syndrome severity score (MSSS) and the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) components with central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE).

Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional study were 253 officers from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress study (2011-2014). The MSSS is a z -score that represents the severity of MetSyn and was estimated using a sex/race-specific equation and the five MetSyn components.

Associations of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with sleep duration and quality: the BCOPS study.

Background: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are associated with numerous adverse health outcomes in adulthood. Our objective was to investigate associations between ACEs and sleep measures among 206 police officers from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress study.

Methods: ACEs (independent variable) was assessed using the ACE questionnaire.

Longitudinal and cross-sectional associations between the dietary inflammatory index and objectively and subjectively measured sleep among police officers.

Police officers experience exposures associated with increased inflammation, such as the stress associated with shiftwork and poor-quality diet, both of which have been shown to affect sleep duration and quality. This study examined the longitudinal and cross-sectional effects of the Energy-density Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII™) on objectively and subjectively measured sleep among police officers. Data were derived from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress Cohort (n = 464 at baseline), with longitudinal data collected from 2004 to 2019.

Dying for the job: police mortality, 1950-2018.

Purpose –: This study is a mortality assessment on police officers (68-years, 1950-2018) and includes all causes of death.

Design/methodology/approach –: The authors investigated 1,853 police deaths (1950-2018) using sources of mortality that included the National Death Index, NY State, and available records from the Buffalo NY police department. Standardized Mortality Ratios were calculated.

Shift work and overtime across a career in law enforcement: a 15-year study.

Purpose –: To characterize changes in work hours across a career in law enforcement.

Design/methodology/approach –: = 113 police officers enrolled in the BCOPS cohort were studied. The police officers started their careers in law enforcement between 1994 and 2001 at a mid-sized, unionized police department in northwestern New York and continued to work at this police department for at least 15 years.

Shift Work Adaptation Among Police Officers: The BCOPS Study.

Few studies have examined shiftwork adaptation among police officers or potential differences in disease biomarkers among adapted and maladapted shiftworkers. This study characterized shiftwork adaptation among 430 police officers from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress (BCOPS) study. Police officers working fixed night shifts with symptoms characteristic of adaptation and maladaptation were identified using latent class analysis (n = 242).

An analysis of shiftwork and self-reported depressive symptoms in a police cohort from Buffalo, New York.

Shiftwork has been associated with elevated depressive symptoms; police officers frequently work shifts and may experience depressive symptoms. This study assessed the association between depressive symptoms and shiftwork in a police cohort from Buffalo, New York, USA using a repeated cross-sectional design with data collected in 2004-2009 (n = 428) and 2010-2014 (n = 261). Electronic payroll records were used to quantitatively classify officers on the day, evening, or night shift based on the shift they spent most of their working hours.

Temporal trends in prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk factors among U.S. older workers: NHIS 2004-2018.

Purpose: This study examined trends in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk factors among U.S. older adults and workers.

Occupational injury and psychological distress among U.S. workers: The National Health Interview Survey, 2004-2016.

Introduction: Injuries at work may negatively influence mental health due to lost or reduced working hours and financial burden of treatment. Our objective was to investigate, in U.S.

Police stress and depressive symptoms: role of coping and hardiness.

Purpose –: Chronic exposure to occupational stress may lead to depressive symptoms in police officers. The association between police stress and depressive symptoms and the potential influences of coping and hardiness were evaluated. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Associations of Sleep Measures with Retinal Microvascular Diameters among Police Officers.

Purpose: We examined cross-sectional associations of sleep measures with central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) and investigated whether sex and race/ethnicity modified these associations.

Methods: Participants (N = 202; 78% white; 71% men) were enrolled in the Buffalo Cardio-metabolic Occupational Police Stress study (2011-2014). Wrist actigraphy was used to assess sleep measures including sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, number of awakenings, and longest wake episode.

Fatigue and short-term unplanned absences among police officers.

Purpose –: The purpose of this paper is to assess whether shift work, sleep loss and fatigue are related to short-term unplanned absences in policing.

Design/methodology/approach –: = 367 police officers from the Buffalo Police Department were studied. Day-by-day work and sick leave data were obtained from the payroll.

Hidden danger: A 22-years analysis of law enforcement deaths associated with duty-related illnesses (1997-2018).

Purpose –: Law enforcement is a dangerous profession not only due to assaults, accidents and homicides but also due to health risks. This study examined trends in the national frequency and rate of law enforcement jobrelated illness deaths in the United States over a 22-year period (1997-2018).

Design/methodology/approach –: Data were obtained from the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund (NLEOMF) on death frequencies related to health issues at work.

Actigraphy-Based Assessment of Sleep Parameters.

Actigraphy, a method for inferring sleep/wake patterns based on movement data gathered using actigraphs, is increasingly used in population-based epidemiologic studies because of its ability to monitor activity in natural settings. Using special software, actigraphic data are analyzed to estimate a range of sleep parameters. To date, despite extensive application of actigraphs in sleep research, published literature specifically detailing the methodology for derivation of sleep parameters is lacking; such information is critical for the appropriate analysis and interpretation of actigraphy data.

Associations of objectively measured sleep characteristics and incident hypertension among police officers: The role of obesity.

This study investigated the associations of baseline sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, longest wake episode, number of awakenings, sleep efficiency and sleep duration with incident hypertension during a 7-year follow-up (n = 161, 68% men) and the joint effect of insufficient sleep and obesity on incident hypertension. Sleep parameters were derived from 15-day actigraphy data. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using a robust Poisson regression model.

Associations between adiposity measures and 25-hydroxyvitamin D among police officers.

Objective: Studies show that serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), a biomarker for vitamin D status, are lower in persons with higher adiposity levels and that police officers have been found to have a high prevalence of obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between several adiposity measures and 25(OH)D, and also compare those measures to determine the best one that predicts insufficiency of 25(OH)D (<20 ng/mL) among police officers in the Northeast area of the United States.

Methods: Participants were 281 police officers (71.

Association of occupational stress with waking, diurnal, and bedtime cortisol response in police officers.

Objective: Police officers have higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality than the U.S. general population.

Depressive Symptoms Among Police Officers: Associations with Personality and Psychosocial Factors.

Protective psychosocial factors may reduce the risk of stress-related illnesses in policing. We assessed the association between protective factors and depressive symptoms among 242 police officers. Participants were from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress (BCOPS) Study (2004-2014).

Associations Between Police Work Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: Examining the Moderating Effects of Coping.

The role of coping in the association between stress and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is not clear. We investigated the effects of active and passive coping strategies on the associations between police stress (administrative and organization pressure, physical and psychological threats, and lack of support) and PTSD symptoms in 342 police officers. Linear regression model was used in the analyses.