Jackson Heart Study: Aggregate cardiovascular disease risk and auditory profiles.

Objectives: Evaluate the relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and cochlear function in African Americans.

Methods: Relationships between hearing loss, cochlear function, and CVD risk factors were assessed in a cross-sectional analysis of 1106 Jackson Heart Study participants. Hearing loss was defined as puretone average (PTA) > 15 dB HL.

Association Between Cardiometabolic Factors and Dizziness in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study.

Background: Balance dysfunction is a complex, disabling health condition that can present with multiple phenotypes and etiologies. Data regarding prevalence, characterization of dizziness, or associated factors is limited, especially in an African American population.

Purpose: The aim of the study is to characterize balance dysfunction presentation and prevalence in an African American cohort, and balance dysfunction relationship to cardiometabolic factors.

Two cases of rare subglottic MALT lymphoma of the larynx.

Background: Primary MALT lymphoma of the larynx is a rare condition first described in 1990. There have been only 43 reported cases as of 2015. The disease appears to be indolent in nature and responds well to radiation therapy.

Stroke risk in African Americans with subclinical auditory dysfuntion evidenced by Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions: the Jackson heart study.

Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) are sensitive to early indices of cochlear pathology. Pathology to the cochlea is in part mediated by ischaemic related mechanisms. We propose that DPOAEs may provide an objective measure of cardiovascular risk.

Relationship of Overall Cardiovascular Health and Hearing Loss in The Jackson Heart Study Population.

Objectives: To evaluate the relationships among the overall cardiovascular health scoring tool, Life's Simple 7 (LS7), and hearing in an African-American cardiovascular study cohort.

Methods: Using the Jackson Heart Study's cohort of African Americans, the relationships between the LS7 scoring metric and hearing of 1314 individuals were assessed. Standard audiometric data was collected and hearing loss was defined as a four-frequency average of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz greater than 25 dBHL (PTA4).

Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies five novel loci for age-related hearing impairment.

Previous research has shown that genes play a substantial role in determining a person's susceptibility to age-related hearing impairment. The existing studies on this subject have different results, which may be caused by difficulties in determining the phenotype or the limited number of participants involved. Here, we have gathered the largest sample to date (discovery n = 9,675; replication n = 10,963; validation n = 356,141), and examined phenotypes that represented low/mid and high frequency hearing loss on the pure tone audiogram.

Age at diagnosis, but not HPV type, is strongly associated with clinical course in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

Background: Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare disease characterized by the growth of papillomas in the airway and especially the larynx. The clinical course is highly variable among individuals and there is poor understanding of the factors that drive an aggressive vs an indolent course.

Methods: A convenience cohort of 339 affected subjects with papillomas positive for only HPV6 or HPV11 and clinical course data available for 1 year or more, from a large multicenter international study were included.

Audiologic profile of the jackson heart study cohort and comparison to other cohorts.

Objectives/hypothesis: The objective of this study was to determine the audiological profile of an African American cohort, identify related factors, and compare them to other datasets.

Study Design: Cross-sectional, longitudinal cohort study.

Methods: The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) is a longitudinal cohort study of 5,306 African Americans living in the metropolitan Jackson, Mississippi area, with a focus on cardiometabolic health.

Relationship of stroke risk and hearing loss in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study.

Objectives/hypothesis: To evaluate the relationships among measures of stroke risk and hearing in an African American cardiovascular study cohort.

Study Design: Prospective cohort study.

Methods: The relationships between stroke risk profiles and hearing of 1,107 individuals from a cohort of African Americans were assessed.

Tracheotomy Outcomes in Super Obese Patients.

Importance: Surgeons need to understand the expected outcomes for super obese patients undergoing tracheotomy to appropriately counsel patients and families about likely risks and benefits.

Objective: To determine the outcomes, complications, and mortality after tracheotomy in super obese patients (those with a body mass index [BMI] greater than 50).

Design, Setting, And Participants: A retrospective review was conducted of billing records from a tertiary care academic medical center from November 1, 2010, through June 30, 2013, to identify patients undergoing tracheotomy.

Relationships among measures of physical activity and hearing in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study.

Objectives/hypothesis: To evaluate the relationships among measures of physical activity and hearing in the Jackson Heart Study.

Study Design: Prospective cohort study.

Methods: We assessed hearing on 1,221 Jackson Heart Study participants who also had validated physical activity questionnaire data on file.

Arytenoid dislocation: An analysis of the contemporary literature.

Objectives/hypothesis: To discuss the incidence, diagnosis, laryngeal findings, and management of arytenoid dislocation as a separate entity from vocal fold paralysis.

Study Design: Literature review.

Methods: A contemporary review of the literature was performed by searching the terms arytenoid cartilage dislocation and subluxation in various combinations.

Management of recurrent laryngeal sensory neuropathic symptoms.

Objectives: We identify management strategies for the treatment of upper respiratory tract symptoms stemming from dysfunction of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Methods: We present a retrospective case series of patients who had symptoms of sensory neuropathy, including persistent dysphonia, laryngospasm, and chronic cough. The patients were followed for symptomatic improvement after initiation of treatment with a neuromodulator.

Cell density of the lamina propria of neonatal vocal folds.

Objectives: We undertook (1) to measure the cell density within the lamina propria of the neonatal vocal folds and (2) to examine changes in cell density in the lamina propria with increasing gestational age of the neonatal vocal folds.

Methods: Intact neonatal larynges were obtained from fresh cadaveric specimens. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were used to visualize the laryngeal structures, and photomicrographs of the vocal folds were taken at 100x magnification.

Does hyaluronic acid distribution in the larynx relate to the newborn's capacity for crying?

Objectives/hypothesis: The newborn is heavily dependent on voice communication and therefore has relatively higher vocal demands and expenditures than the adult, the loudness output per mass performance exceeds that of the adult, and the newborn larynx exhibits significant histological and biochemical differences. The neonatal larynx is capable of sustaining relatively greater pitch and loudness than the adult over longer periods of time. This ability may be related to a more compact arrangement of collagen within the lamina propria, less interstitial space, and a uniform distribution of hyaluronic acid (HA).

Age of child, more than HPV type, is associated with clinical course in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

Background: RRP is a devastating disease in which papillomas in the airway cause hoarseness and breathing difficulty. The disease is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) 6 or 11 and is very variable. Patients undergo multiple surgeries to maintain a patent airway and in order to communicate vocally.

Lifelong learning in otolaryngology: self-directed learning.

Although nothing in didactic form approaches the learning experience of the real world, the educational process up to graduation is based on a teacher-directed model of learning. Active engagement in self-planned learning activities tends to be more effective than passive learning. Lifelong learning involves finding and implementing solutions to everyday problems encountered in the clinic, emergency room, and operating room and on the wards.

Interactive instruction in otolaryngology resident education.

Today's academic faculty was typically trained under an education system based entirely on didactic lectures. However, if the aim is to teach thinking or change attitudes beyond the simple transmission of factual knowledge, then lectures alone, without active involvement of the students, are not the most effective method of teaching. If the goals of teaching are to arouse and keep students' interest, give facts and details, to make students think critically about the subject, and to prepare for independent studies by demonstration of problem solving and professional reasoning, then only two of these purposes are suited to didactic lectures.

High level expression of human epithelial beta-defensins (hBD-1, 2 and 3) in papillomavirus induced lesions.

Background: Epithelial defensins including human beta-defensins (hBDs) and alpha-defensins (HDs) are antimicrobial peptides that play important roles in the mucosal defense system. However, the role of defensins in papillomavirus induced epithelial lesions is unknown.

Results: Papilloma tissues were prospectively collected from 15 patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) and analyzed for defensins and chemokine IL-8 expression by quantitative, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays.

Organotypic (raft) culture of biopsy-derived upper respiratory epithelium.

Objective: The objective of this study was to derive a reliable technique for culturing biopsy-derived upper respiratory epithelium in a system that supports epithelial differentiation and simulates the normal epithelial life cycle.

Study Design: The authors conducted a prospective study of modification and development of an in vitro tissue culture method.

Methods: Thirty biopsy specimens from 16 individuals with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and chronic tonsillitis, pretreated to prevent bacterial and fungal overgrowth, were digested with trypsin to create a supernatant of individual cells.

Presence of human papillomavirus DNA in tonsillectomy specimens.

Objectives: The objectives of this prospective case-control study were to study the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in tonsillectomy specimens from pediatric patients without recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), and to study methods of HPV detection.

Methods: Fifty pediatric patients without known RRP undergoing tonsillectomy for hypertrophy or recurrent tonsillitis were enrolled in the study. After tonsillectomy, a 20-mg section was subjected to DNA extraction, and DNA content and purity were confirmed with spectrophotometry.

Transcricothyroid, intraoperative monitoring of the vagus nerve.

Objective: To develop a reliable, user-friendly, intraoperative, electromyographic monitoring technique to decrease the incidence of injury to the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves.

Design: Prospective, nonrandomized, clinical trial of a nerve monitoring technique.

Setting: Private tertiary care community hospital.