Publications by authors named "John Leppert"

Background: Many urologic serious illnesses are treated with surgical procedures, which may put patients at a further risk of diminished quality of life.

Aim: To understand stakeholder perceptions on integrating perioperative Palliative Care (PC) for patients with serious urologic illness.

Design: We conducted semi-structured interviews and team-based thematic analysis to consensus with a dual review.

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Key Points: Only 6% of patients with urinary stone disease visit a nephrology clinic within 6 months of a stone event in the Veterans Health Administration. Nephrology care within 6 months of a stone event can vary by as much as 72% across different Veterans Health Administration facilities. Efforts to increase access to nephrology, in addition to urology, may improve quality of health care to patients with urinary stone disease.

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Importance: Men with limited life expectancy (LE) have historically been overtreated for prostate cancer despite clear guideline recommendations. With increasing use of active surveillance, it is unclear if overtreatment of men with limited LE has persisted and how overtreatment varies by tumor risk and treatment type.

Objective: To determine if rates of overtreatment of men with limited LE have persisted in the active surveillance era and whether overtreatment varies by tumor risk or treatment type.

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Article Synopsis
  • Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer among men in the U.S., and this study explores the link between pesticide exposure and its incidence and mortality.
  • Researchers analyzed the relationship between the use of 295 pesticides and prostate cancer rates using county-level data from two different cohorts spanning multiple years.
  • They found consistent associations for 22 pesticides with prostate cancer incidence, with four also linked to mortality, suggesting a need for further investigation into these pesticides' potential health impacts.
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Objective: To determine rates of urology follow-up and implementation of stone prevention measures after stone surgery and to assess variation in care delivery within a large, integrated healthcare system.

Materials And Methods: We used nationwide data from the United States Veterans Health Administration to identify patients who had stone surgery between 2016 and 2018 and who were at higher risk for recurrence. Our cohort included 13,444 Veterans across 90 facilities.

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Purpose: Patients treated with radical cystectomy experience a high rate of postoperative complications and frequent hospital readmissions. We sought to explore the utility of the Care Assessment Need (CAN) score, derived from electronic health data, to estimate the risk of these adverse clinical outcomes, thereby aiding patient counseling and informed treatment decision-making.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively examined data from 982 patients with bladder cancer who underwent radical cystectomy between 2013 and 2018 within the national Veterans Health Administration system.

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Background: The Oncotype DX Genomic Prostate Score (ODX-GPS) is a gene expression assay that predicts disease aggressiveness. The objective of this study was to identify sociodemographic and regional factors associated with ODX-GPS uptake.

Methods: Data from Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registries on men with localized prostate cancer with a Gleason score of 3 + 3 or 3 + 4, PSA ≤20 ng/mL, and stage T1c to T2c disease from 2013 through 2017 were linked with ODX-GPS data.

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Introduction: Most urologic surgeons will experience surgical complications during their career. These complications can traumatize the surgeon. A national survey of AUA members was conducted to better understand the impact of surgical complications on mental, emotional, and physical health.

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Exposure to ambient air pollution has significant adverse health effects; however, whether air pollution is associated with urological cancer is largely unknown. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis with epidemiological studies, showing that a 5 μg/m increase in PM exposure is associated with a 6%, 7%, and 9%, increased risk of overall urological, bladder, and kidney cancer, respectively; and a 10 μg/m increase in NO is linked to a 3%, 4%, and 4% higher risk of overall urological, bladder, and prostate cancer, respectively. Were these associations to reflect causal relationships, lowering PM levels to 5.

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Background: Therapies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) include targeting the androgen receptor (AR) with androgen receptor inhibitors (ARIs) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Having the ability to detect AR, AR splice variant 7 (AR-V7), or PSMA in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or circulating exosomal cell-free RNA (cfRNA) could be helpful to guide selection of the appropriate therapy for each individual patient. The Vortex Biosciences VTX-1 system is a label-free CTC isolation system that enables the detection of the expression of multiple genes in both CTCs and exosomal cfRNA from the same blood sample in patients with mCRPC.

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Article Synopsis
  • Some men with prostate cancer take a treatment called androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), but it can be used too much, which can cause health problems like diabetes and weak bones.
  • We did a study to understand why some doctors overuse ADT and how to stop it, using different theories and surveys to gather information from urologists.
  • From our survey, we found that some doctors are less likely to stop giving ADT unnecessarily, and that better communication and teamwork might help reduce its overuse.
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Introduction: The AUA convened a 2021-2022 Quality Improvement Summit to bring together interdisciplinary providers to inform the current state and to discuss potential strategies for integrating primary palliative care into urology practice. We hypothesized that the Summit findings would inform a scalable primary palliative care model for urology.

Methods: The 3-part summit reached a total of 160 interdisciplinary health care professionals.

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Background: An electronic health record-based tool could improve accuracy and eliminate bias in provider estimation of the risk of death from other causes among men with nonmetastatic cancer.

Objective: To recalibrate and validate the Veterans Aging Cohort Study Charlson Comorbidity Index (VACS-CCI) to predict non-prostate cancer mortality (non-PCM) and to compare it with a tool predicting prostate cancer mortality (PCM).

Design, Setting, And Participants: An observational cohort of men with biopsy-confirmed nonmetastatic prostate cancer, enrolled from 2001 to 2018 in the national US Veterans Health Administration (VA), was divided by the year of diagnosis into the development (2001-2006 and 2008-2018) and validation (2007) sets.

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Article Synopsis
  • Patients with low-risk prostate cancer have to choose between treatment or active monitoring, and both they and doctors view different factors as important for this decision.
  • The study included interviews with 43 patients and 15 doctors to explore their opinions and experiences related to treatment choices.
  • It was found that age affects preferences for treatment options, concerns about side effects are common, and good communication and prior knowledge help both patients and doctors make better decisions.
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Introduction: Interdisciplinary teams are often leveraged to improve quality of cancer care in the perioperative period. We aimed to identify the team structures and processes in interdisciplinary interventions that improve perioperative patient-reported outcomes for patients with cancer.

Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL for randomized control trials published at any time and screened 7,195 articles.

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Patients with kidney stone disease are at higher risk for bone disease. Hypocitraturia is common in patients with kidney stone disease and a key risk factor for stone recurrence. In this retrospective cohort study, we sought to determine whether hypocitraturia is also a risk factor for incident bone disease in patients with kidney stone disease.

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Background: Kidney cancer incidence demonstrates significant geographic variation suggesting a role for environmental risk factors. This study sought to evaluate associations between groundwater exposures and kidney cancer incidence.

Methods: The authors identified constituents from 18,506 public groundwater wells in all 58 California counties measured in 1996-2010, and obtained county-level kidney cancer incidence data from the California Cancer Registry for 2003-2017.

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Background: Kidney stone disease is common and can lead to complications such as AKI, urinary tract obstruction, and urosepsis. In kidney transplant recipients, complications from kidney stone events can also lead to rejection and allograft failure. There is limited information on the incidence of kidney stone events in transplant recipients.

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Background: Multidisciplinary guidelines recommend parathyroidectomy to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m. Limited data address the effect of parathyroidectomy on long-term kidney function.

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Background: Life expectancy (LE) impacts effectiveness and morbidity of prostate cancer (CaP) treatment, but its impact on cost-effectiveness is unknown. We sought to evaluate the impact of LE on the cost-effectiveness of radical prostatectomy (RP), radiation therapy (RT), and active surveillance (AS) for clinically localized disease.

Methods: We created a Markov model to calculate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for RP, RT, and AS over a 20-year time horizon from a Medicare payer perspective for low- and intermediate-risk CaP.

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Purpose: Recent observational studies reporting a lack of benefit from 24-hour urine testing for urinary stone disease (USD) prevention assumed testing included all components recommended from clinical guidelines. We sought to assess the completeness of 24-hour urine testing in the VA population.

Materials And Methods: From the VHA Corporate Data Warehouse (2012-2019), we identified patients with USD (n=198,621) and determined those who saw a urologist and/or nephrologist, and received 24-hour urine testing within 12 months of their index USD encounter.

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