Shrinking in a growing economy is not so puzzling after all.

Bodenhorn, Guinnane, and Mroz (2017) argue that the diminution of heights during the Industrial Revolution and in the Antebellum U.S. is an artefact of the biased nature of the samples analyzed.

The BMI values of the lower classes likely declined during the Great Depression.

The BMI values of inmates in the McNeil Island Penitentiary in Washington State declined between the 1860s and the 1910s birth cohorts by 1.44. Furthermore, those who were imprisoned in the 1930s had significantly lower BMI values (by between 0.

The trend of BMI values of US adults by deciles, birth cohorts 1882-1986 stratified by gender and ethnicity.

We estimate trends in BMI values by deciles of the US adult population by birth cohorts 1882-1986 stratified by ethnicity and gender. The highest decile increased by some 18-22 BMI units in the course of the century while the lowest ones increased by merely 1-3 BMI units. For example, a typical African American woman in the 10th percentile and 64 in.

The trend of mean BMI values of US adults, birth cohorts 1882-1986 indicates that the obesity epidemic began earlier than hitherto thought.

Background: The trend in the body mass index (BMI) values of the US population has not been estimated accurately because the time series data are unavailable and the focus has been on calculating period effects.

Objectives: To estimate the trend and rate of change of BMI values by birth cohorts stratified by gender and ethnicity born 1882-1986.

Methods: We use loess additive regression models to estimate age and trend effects of BMI values of US-born black and white adults measured between 1959 and 2006.

Anthropometric history: an overview of a quarter century of research.

The systematic study of human physical stature reaches back into the 18th century. However, until French historians began to explore the socio-economic correlates of human height in the 1960s, the influence of the socio-economic environment primarily interested scholars of sister disciplines such as anthropology, auxology, or even military history. The present review summarizes a number of theoretical issues and new approaches to the understanding of the impact of economic processes on the human organism.

The recent decline in the height of African-American women.

Height trends since World War II are analyzed using the NHANES surveys for US-born individuals stratified by gender, ethnicity and income. After stagnating or declining for nearly a generation, the height of adult white men and women began to increase among the birth cohorts of ca. 1975-1986, who reached adulthood between 1995 and 2006.

The transition to post-industrial BMI values among US children.

The trend in the BMI values of US children has not been estimated very convincingly because of the absence of longitudinal data. Our objective is to estimate time series of BMI values by birth cohorts instead of measurement years. We use five regression models to estimate the BMI trends of non-Hispanic US-born black and white children and adolescents ages 2-19 between 1941 and 2004.

Effect of sulfate on the simultaneous bioreduction of iron and uranium.

The biogeochemistry related to iron- and sulfate-reducing conditions influences the fate of contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, trace metals, and radionuclides (i.e., uranium) released into the subsurface.

Differences in the physical growth of US-born black and white children and adolescents ages 2-19, born 1942-2002.

Aim: The present study estimates differences in the trend and in the age-by-height profiles of US-born non-Hispanic black and white children and adolescents born 1942-2002.

Subjects And Methods: The combined NHES and NHANES data sets stratified by ethnicity and gender were used. The differences in height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) were decomposed into an age effect and a secular trend effect using a non-linear regression model.

Are Americans shorter (partly) because they are fatter? A comparison of US and Dutch children's height and BMI values.

Objective: The study compared the height and BMI values of US children and youth by gender in the most recent NHANES surveys (1999-2004) to those of their Dutch counterparts in 1997 in order to gain insights into the different growth patterns.

Results: US children and youth are both shorter and heavier than their Dutch counterparts. US adolescent girls tend to experience an earlier growth spurt than do the Dutch and the velocity of growth of US boys slows down faster after the adolescent growth spurt than does that of their Dutch counterparts.

Height of US-born non-Hispanic children and adolescents ages 2-19, born 1942-2002 in the NHANES samples.

We examine the height of non-Hispanic US-born children born 1942-2002 on the basis of all NHES and NHANES data sets available. We use the CDC 2000 reference values to convert height into height-for-age z-scores stratified by gender. We decompose deviations from the reference values into an age-effect and a secular trend effect and find that after an initial increase in the 1940s, heights experienced a downward cycle to reach their early 1950s peak again only c.

Uranium reoxidation in previously bioreduced sediment by dissolved oxygen and nitrate.

Flow-through sediment column experiments examined the reoxidation of microbially reduced uranium with either oxygen or nitrate supplied as the oxidant. The uranium was reduced and immobilized via long-term (70 days) acetate biostimulation resulting in 62-92% removal efficiency of the 20 microM influent uranium concentration. Uranium reduction occurred simultaneously with iron reduction as the dominant electron accepting process.

The mysterious trend in American heights in the 20th century.

Background: The secular trend in the height of the US population has been almost neglected in a comparative perspective, despite its being a useful indicator of early-life biological conditions.

Aim: The study estimated the height of the US population and compared it to Western European trends after World War II.

Subjects And Method: The complete set of NHES and NHANES data were analyzed, collected between 1959 and 2004 by the National Center for Health Statistics, in order to construct trends of the physical stature of US-born men and women limited to non-Hispanic blacks and whites.

Biostimulation of iron reduction and subsequent oxidation of sediment containing Fe-silicates and Fe-oxides: effect of redox cycling on Fe(III) bioreduction.

Sediment containing a mixture of iron (Fe)-phases, including Fe-oxides (mostly Al-goethite) and Fe-silicates (illites and vermiculite) was bioreduced in a long-term flow through column experiment followed by re-oxidation with dissolved oxygen. The objective of this study was (a) to determine the nature of the re-oxidized Fe(III), and (b) to determine how redox cycling of Fe would affect subsequent Fe(III)-bioavailability. In addition, the effect of Mn on Fe(III) reduction was explored.

Uranium removal from groundwater via in situ biostimulation: Field-scale modeling of transport and biological processes.

During 2002 and 2003, bioremediation experiments in the unconfined aquifer of the Old Rifle UMTRA field site in western Colorado provided evidence for the immobilization of hexavalent uranium in groundwater by iron-reducing Geobacter sp. stimulated by acetate amendment. As the bioavailable Fe(III) terminal electron acceptor was depleted in the zone just downgradient of the acetate injection gallery, sulfate-reducing organisms came to dominate the microbial community.

The height increments and BMI values of elite Central European children and youth in the second half of the 19th century.

Background: Longitudinal height measurements on children and youth are very rare prior to the 20th century, as are BMI values.

Aim: Growth increments and BMI values were determined among elite (select) Habsburg children and youth in the late 19th century and compared with other extant historical and contemporary data.

Subject And Methods: Archival data on height and weight were collected for approximately 3500 students attending Habsburg Military schools.

Spatial correlates of us heights and body mass indexes, 2002.

Aiming to further explore possible underlying causes of the recent remarkable stagnation and relative decline in American heights, this paper describes the result of analysis of the commercial US Sizing Survey (2002). Heights are correlated positively with income and education among both white males and females while Body Mass Index (BMI) is correlated negatively among females, as in other samples. In contrast to much of the literature, this paper considers geographic correlates of height such as local poverty rate, median income and population density at the zip code level of resolution.

Effect of substrate concentration on dual-species biofilm population densities of Klebsiella oxytoca and Burkholderia cepacia in porous media.

The long-term operation of bioremediation technologies relies on the success of the contaminant-degrading microorganism(s) to compete for available resources with microorganisms already present in an aquifer or those that may contaminate a bioreactor. Though research has been performed studying the interaction of multiple species in batch and chemostat reactors, little work has been done looking at multi-species interactions in environments that more closely resemble field-scale applications. The research presented herein examined the interaction of Burkholderia cepacia PR1-pTOM(31c), an aerobic trichloroethylene (TCE)-degrading bacterium, with Klebsiella oxytoca, a facultative bacterium, in a flow-through porous media (PM) reactor.

Simultaneous utilization of acetate and hydrogen by Geobacter sulfurreducens and implications for use of hydrogen as an indicator of redox conditions.

Dissolved hydrogen concentrations, in conjunction with other geochemical indicators, are becoming an accepted means to determine terminal electron acceptor processes (TEAPs) in groundwater aquifers. Aqueous hydrogen concentrations have been found to fall within specific ranges under methanogenic, sulfate-reducing, iron-reducing, and denitrification conditions. Although hydrogen is gaining in acceptance for determining subsurface TEAPs, there is a dearth of data with regards to the kinetic coefficients for hydrogen utilization in the presence or absence of an additional electron donor under different TEAPs.

WITHDRAWN: European heights in the early 18th century.

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Time structures, chronomes, of soldiers' stature mimicking Hale cycle in neonatal body length.

The systematic patterns in human adult physical stature are explored in connection with Wolf's relative sunspot numbers. This topic should be of interest to economists, physicians as well as physicists. There is a need for more than a check of any similarity of curves in variables approximating the economy and human stature and for more than the application of mathematical models, as done herein.

Effect of iron bioavailability on dissolved hydrogen concentrations during microbial iron reduction.

Dissolved hydrogen (H2) concentrations have been shown to correlate with specific terminal electron accepting processes (TEAPs) in aquifers. The research presented herein examined the effect of iron bioavailability on H2 concentrations during iron reduction in flow-through column experiments filled with soil obtained from the uncontaminated background area of the Field Research Center (FRC), Oak Ridge, TN and amended with acetate as the electron donor. The first column experiment measured H2 concentrations over 500 days of column operation that fluctuated within a substantial range around an average of 3.

From the tallest to (one of) the fattest: the enigmatic fate of the American population in the 20th century.

Within the course of the 20th century the American population went through a virtual metamorphosis from being the tallest in the world, to being among the most overweight. The American height advantage over Western and Northern Europeans was between 3 and 9 cm in mid-19th century, and Americans tended to be underweight. However, today, the exact opposite is the case as the Dutch, Swedes, and Norwegians are the tallest, and the Danes, British and Germans--even the East-Germans--are also taller, towering over the Americans by as much as 3-7 cm.