Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of mastitis causing bacteria isolated from dairy goats in Mukurweini Sub-County, Nyeri County, Kenya.

Background: Ruminant mastitis continues to be a cause of economic losses in the dairy industry and remains a major public health hazard globally.

Objectives: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Mukurweini Sub-County of Nyeri County, Kenya, to investigate the prevalence of bacteria causing mastitis, risk factors associated with goat mastitis and the antibiotic resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from the goat milk.

Methods: Farm level data on risk factors for mastitis was obtained from 56 farmers using a semi structured questionnaire.

The pathogenicity of blood stream and central nervous system forms of trypanosomes in laboratory mice: a comparative study.

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) develops in two stages namely early stage when trypanosomes are found in the blood and late stage when trypanosomes are found in the central nervous system (CNS). The two environments are different with CNS environment reported as being hostile to the trypanosomes than the blood environment. The clinical symptoms manifested by the disease in the two environments are different.

Prevalence of Species on Cattle Breeding Farms in Zimbabwe.

Infertility remains a challenge in breeding herds in most developing countries. In the current study, 104 penile sheath washes were collected from bulls of different breeds and ages from different cattle breeding farms in Zimbabwe. The samples were submitted to the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zimbabwe, for screening of species using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Prevalence and Antibiogram of and spp. Isolated from Cattle Milk Products Sold in Juja Sub-County, Kenya.

Dairy ruminant milk provides a conducive environment for bacterial proliferation. In animals, these bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, whose overuse has led to increased cases of drug resistance. A cross-sectional study was conducted on milk and milk products vended in Juja Sub-County, Kenya to determine the prevalence of bacteria and antibiogram of spp.

anticoccidial activity of nanoencapsulated bromelain against spp. oocysts isolated from goats in Kenya.

Background And Aim: The emergence of drug-resistant strains of spp. calls for the development of novel anticoccidial drugs. Plant extracts provide a possible natural source for such drugs.

Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Combined with Lateral Flow Dipstick Assay for a Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Cystic Echinococcosis in Livestock in Kenya.

Background: Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the metacestode stage of and occurs worldwide, causing considerable economic losses and public health problems. The currently available methods for the diagnosis of animal hydatidosis are time-consuming and require well-equipped laboratories which make them incompatible with testing in resource-poor settings. This study developed and evaluated a rapid, more sensitive, and specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick assay for the rapid and sensitive detection of cystic echinococcosis.

Schistosoma mansoni and soil transmtted helminths in olive baboons and potential zoonosis.

Zoonotic pathogens are among the most important causes of ill health all over the world. The presence of these pathogens in free ranging baboons may have significant implications for humans. In Kenya, the encroachment of wildlife habitats has led to increased interaction between humans and wildlife especially non-human primates.

β-lactam resistance in bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis in goats in Thika Subcounty, Kenya.

Aim: This study determined the resistance pattern to β-lactam antibiotics of bacteria isolated from goats with subclinical mastitis in Thika subcounty, Kenya. We also administered a questionnaire to assess the risk factors associated with the occurrence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics.

Materials And Methods: We collected milk samples from 110 lactating dairy goats in Thika subcounty to screen for subclinical mastitis using the California mastitis test.

A Review on the Present Advances on Studies of Toxoplasmosis in Eastern Africa.

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic infection caused by the protozoan parasite, . It was discovered over 100 years ago and is credited as the most successful parasitic organism worldwide, able to infect and multiply in all warm blooded animals including an estimated 2.3 billion people.

Effect of feed supplementation of parts' powder as prebiotic on the growth traits, ceca microbiota and blood parameters of local chickens.

This study aimed at testing the efficacy and safety of plant parts in diets fed to chicken. The plant has potential for use as a natural prebiotic to substitute the conventionally used antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. Phytochemical analyses of the plant leaves, stem, and bark combination (stembark) and seed powders from the were carried out.

DNA-Detection Based Diagnostics for Cysticercosis in Porcine.

Porcine cysticercosis is a neglected and underestimated disease caused by metacestode stage of the tapeworm, (). Pigs are the intermediate hosts of while human are the only known definitive host. The disease has an economic consequence because the affected farmers lose 50-100 percent of the value of pigs if they are infected.

Toxicity and anthelmintic efficacy of chitosan encapsulated bromelain against gastrointestinal strongyles in Small East African goats in Kenya.

Background And Aim: The development of resistance to anthelmintic drugs has prompted research into alternative methods of controlling intestinal nematodes in ruminants. This study aimed at evaluating the and anthelmintic efficacy and toxicity of chitosan encapsulated bromelain in Small East African goats in Kenya.

Materials And Methods: Adult mortality assay was performed using live worms treated with encapsulated bromelain solution ranging from 0.

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Milk of Goats with Subclinical Mastitis in Thika East Subcounty, Kenya.

A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and risk factors of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in Thika East Subcounty, Kenya. Further the bacterial pathogens and their antibiogram were investigated. Farm level data on risk factors were obtained from 41 farmers using questionnaires.

Prevalence of and Other Gastrointestinal Parasites in Domestic Cats from Households in Thika Region, Kenya.

Gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites of domestic cats (Felis catus) not only cause morbidity but are also potential zoonotic agents. The current study aimed at establishing the prevalence of GIT parasites in cats kept by households in Thika region, Kenya. Fecal samples were collected randomly from 103 cats and analyzed for presence of parasites using standard parasitological methods.

Development of Neurological Mouse Model for Toxoplasmosis Using Isolated from Chicken in Kenya.

Animal models for the toxoplasmosis are scarce and have limitations. In this study, a neurological mouse model was developed in BALB/c mice infected intraperitoneally with 15 cysts of a isolate. The mice were monitored for 42 days and euthanized at different time points.

Prevalence and genetic diversity of rotavirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in a hospital setting, Nairobi Kenya in post vaccination era: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children. Each year more than 611 000 children die from rotavirus gastroenteritis, and two million are hospitalized, worldwide. In Kenya, the impact of recent rotavirus vaccinations on morbidities has not been estimated.

Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Its Risk Factors among Patients Attending Rwanda Military Hospital, Rwanda.

In Rwanda, the prevalence of viral hepatitis (HCV) is poorly understood. The current study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of HCV infection in Rwanda. A total of 324 patients attending Rwanda Military Hospital were randomly selected and a questionnaire was administered to determine the risk factors.

IgM, lgG and IL-6 profiles in the Trypanosoma brucei brucei monkey model of human African trypanosomiasis.

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) patients manifest immunological profiles, whose variations over time can be used to indicate disease progression. However, monitoring of these biomarkers in human patients is beset by several limitations which can be offset by using chronic animal models. A recent improved monkey model of HAT using a Trypanosoma brucei brucei isolate has been developed but the immunological profile has not been elucidated.

Detection of Natural Infection in Chicken in Thika Region of Kenya Using Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction.

The detection of in free-range chickens is a good indicator of possible risk to human beings. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of in free-range chicken using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Brain samples from 105 free-range chickens from three administrative areas in Thika region, Kenya, were collected, DNA-extracted, and analyzed using PCR to detect presence of .

Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Urine and Saliva Samples in Nonhuman Primate Model.

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a vector-borne parasitic zoonotic disease. The disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is the most prevalent in Africa. Early diagnosis is hampered by lack of sensitive diagnostic techniques.

Virulence and pathogenicity of three stabilates in a Swiss white mouse model.

Background: A key objective in basic research on human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is developing a cheap and reliable experimental model of the disease for use in pathogenesis and drug studies.

Objective: With a view to improving current models, a study was undertaken to characterise the virulence and pathogenicity of three stabilates, labelled as International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)-2918, ILRI-3953, and Institute of Primate Research (IPR)-001, infected into Swiss white mice.

Methods: Swiss white mice were infected intraperitoneally with trypanosomes and observed for parasitaemia using wet blood smears obtained by tail snipping.

Comparative pathogenicity of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense strains in Swiss white mice and Mastomys natalensis rats.

We evaluated Mastomys natelensis rat as an animal model for Rhodesian sleeping sickness. Parasitaemia, clinical and pathological characteristics induced by T. b.

Development of a safer laboratory vervet monkey model for the study of human African trypanosomiasis.

Background: There are three subspecies of : and . The first two are infectious to humans, whilst is not. Identifying an animal model of that mimics human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) would enable researchers to study HAT without subjecting themselves to undue risks such as accidental infection.