Alternative management of complex renal stones.

Introduction: The gold standard for treatment of large and complex renal stones is percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). However, in patients with significant comorbididties, this option may be suboptimal. We reviewed our experiences with ureterorenoscopy and Holmium laser lithotripsy (UL) for the primary management of large and complex intrarenal calculi.

A pilot study of intensity modulated radiation therapy with hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) boost in the treatment of intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer.

Clinical data suggest that large radiation fractions are biologically superior to smaller fraction sizes in prostate cancer radiotherapy. The CyberKnife is an appealing delivery system for hypofractionated radiosurgery due to its ability to deliver highly conformal radiation and to track and adjust for prostate motion in real-time. We report our early experience using the CyberKnife to deliver a hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) boost to patients with intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer.

Urinalysis: a comprehensive review.

A complete urinalysis includes physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations. Midstream clean collection is acceptable in most situations, but the specimen should be examined within two hours of collection. Cloudy urine often is a result of precipitated phosphate crystals in alkaline urine, but pyuria also can be the cause.