Novel Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder 24 Months After Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents.

Objective: The authors sought to identify predictive factors of new-onset or novel oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder assessed 24 months after traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods: Children ages 5 to 14 years who had experienced TBI were recruited from consecutive hospital admissions. Soon after injury, participants were assessed for preinjury characteristics, including psychiatric disorders, socioeconomic status (SES), psychosocial adversity, and family function, and the presence and location of lesions were documented by MRI.

Assessing Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Its Recovery Using Resting-State Magnetoencephalography Source Magnitude Imaging and Machine Learning.

The objectives of this machine-learning (ML) resting-state magnetoencephalography (rs-MEG) study involving children with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and orthopedic injury (OI) controls were to define a neural injury signature of mTBI and to delineate the pattern(s) of neural injury that determine behavioral recovery. Children ages 8-15 years with mTBI ( = 59) and OI ( = 39) from consecutive admissions to an emergency department were studied prospectively for parent-rated post-concussion symptoms (PCS) at: 1) baseline (average of 3 weeks post-injury) to measure pre-injury symptoms and also concurrent symptoms; and 2) at 3-months post-injury. rs-MEG was conducted at the baseline assessment.

Novel Psychiatric Disorder 6 Months After Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents.

Objective: To investigate the factors predictive of novel psychiatric disorders in the interval 0-6 months following traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods: Children ages 5-14 years consecutively hospitalized for mild to severe TBI at five hospitals were recruited. Participants were evaluated at baseline (soon after injury) for pre-injury characteristics including psychiatric disorders, socioeconomic status (SES), psychosocial adversity, family function, family psychiatric history, and adaptive function.

Novel Oppositional Defiant Disorder 12 Months After Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents.

Objective: The investigators examined the factors predictive of novel oppositional defiant disorder in the 6-12 months following traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods: Children ages 5-14 years old who experienced a TBI were recruited from consecutive admissions to five hospitals. Participants were evaluated soon after injury (baseline) for preinjury characteristics, including psychiatric disorders, adaptive function, family function, psychosocial adversity, family psychiatric history, socioeconomic status, and injury severity, to develop a biopsychosocial predictive model for development of novel oppositional defiant disorder.

Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents: Psychiatric Disorders 24 Years Later.

Objective: The investigators aimed to extend findings regarding predictive factors of psychiatric outcomes among children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI) from 2 to 24 years postinjury.

Methods: Youths aged 6-14 years who were hospitalized following TBI from 1992 to 1994 were assessed at baseline for TBI severity and for preinjury psychiatric, adaptive, and behavioral functioning; family functioning; family psychiatric history; socioeconomic status; and intelligence within weeks of injury. Predictors of psychiatric outcomes following pediatric TBI at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postinjury have previously been reported.

Inferior rectus displacement in heavy eye syndrome and sagging eye syndrome.

Purpose: To evaluate if there is a nasal displacement of the vertical rectus muscles in heavy eye syndrome (HES) and/or sagging eye syndrome (SES) compared with age-matched controls.

Methods: We reviewed the charts of all patients with the diagnosis of HES or SES who were seen at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) between the years 2008-2016 who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and orbits. The control group included patients who had brain and orbital MRIs at UCSD in the absence of known pathology in the orbits or globes.

Resting-State Magnetoencephalography Source Imaging Pilot Study in Children with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) accounts for the vast majority of all pediatric TBI. An important minority of children who have suffered an mTBI have enduring cognitive and emotional symptoms. However, the mechanisms of chronic symptoms in children with pediatric mTBI are not fully understood.

Effects of HIV Infection, methamphetamine dependence and age on cortical thickness, area and volume.

Objective: This study examined the effects of HIV infection, methamphetamine dependence and their interaction on cortical thickness, area and volume, as well as the potential interactive effects on cortical morphometry of HIV and methamphetamine with age.

Method: T1-weighted structural images were obtained on a 3.0T General Electric MR750 scanner.

Cortical thickness in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury including sports-related concussion.

This investigation explored whether differences in cortical thickness could be detected in children who sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) compared to those with orthopedic injury (OI) and whether cortical thickness related parental reporting of symptoms. To achieve this objective, FreeSurfer®-based cortical thickness measures were obtained in 330 children, 8 to 15 years of age, with either a history of mTBI or OI. Imaging was performed in all participants with the same 3 Tesla MRI scanner at six-months post-injury, where a parent-rated Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI) was also obtained.

Structural Neuroimaging Findings in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Common neuroimaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), including sport-related concussion (SRC), are reviewed based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Common abnormalities radiologically identified on the day of injury, typically a computed tomographic scan, are in the form of contusions, small subarachnoid or intraparenchymal hemorrhages as well as subdural and epidural collections, edema, and skull fractures. Common follow-up neuroimaging findings with MRI include white matter hyperintensities, hypointense signal abnormalities that reflect prior hemorrhage, focal encephalomalacia, presence of atrophy and/or dilated Virchow-Robins perivascular space.

Cervical spinal canal narrowing in idiopathic syringomyelia.

Introduction: The cervical spine in Chiari I patient with syringomyelia has significantly different anteroposterior diameters than it does in Chiari I patients without syringomyelia. We tested the hypothesis that patients with idiopathic syringomyelia (IS) also have abnormal cervical spinal canal diameters. The finding in both groups may relate to the pathogenesis of syringomyelia.

Chiari I Malformation in Nephropathic Cystinosis.

Objective: To determine the relative incidence of Chiari I malformations in children with cystinosis compared with those in the general population.

Study Design: Magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed on 53 patients with nephropathic cystinosis and 120 controls, age range 3-18 years.

Results: Ten of 53 (18.

Imaging of Ocular Motor Pathway.

Eye movement is controlled by ocular motor pathways that encompass supranuclear, nuclear, and infranuclear levels. Lesions affecting certain locations may produce localizing signs that help radiologists focus on specific anatomic regions. Some pathologic conditions, such as aneurysms and meningiomas, have unique imaging characteristics that may preclude unnecessary tissue biopsies.

Bevacizumab: radiation combination produces restricted diffusion on brain MRI.

Aims: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of bevacizumab (BEV) on the diffusion properties of irradiated brain gliomas.

Materials & Methods: Neuroimaging studies and medical records of 44 patients undergoing treatment for cerebral gliomas were reviewed. MRIs were analyzed for presence of restricted diffusion, time to onset, pattern/location, duration of restriction, and persistence of restriction post-treatment with BEV.

Head computed tomography in the emergency department: a collection of easily missed findings that are life-threatening or life-changing.

Background: The use of noncontrast head computed tomography (CT) has become commonplace in the emergency department (ED) as a means of screening for a wide variety of pathologies. Approximately 1 in 14 ED patients receives a head CT scan, and analyzing and interpreting this high volume of images in a timely manner is a daily challenge.

Objectives: Minimizing interpretation error is of paramount importance in the context of life-threatening and time-sensitive diagnoses.

Face and location processing in children with early unilateral brain injury.

Human visuospatial functions are commonly divided into those dependent on the ventral visual stream (ventral occipitotemporal regions), which allows for processing the 'what' of an object, and the dorsal visual stream (dorsal occipitoparietal regions), which allows for processing 'where' an object is in space. Information about the development of each of the two streams has been accumulating, but very little is known about the effects of injury, particularly very early injury, on this developmental process. Using a set of computerized dorsal and ventral stream tasks matched for stimuli, required response, and difficulty (for typically-developing individuals), we sought to compare the differential effects of injury to the two systems by examining performance in individuals with perinatal brain injury (PBI), who present with selective deficits in visuospatial processing from a young age.

Intracranial causes of ophthalmoplegia: the visual reflex pathways.

The gathering of visual information is a complex process that relies on concerted movements of the eyes, and cranial nerves II-VIII are at least partially involved in the visual system. The cranial nerves do not function in isolation, however, and there are multiple higher-order cortical centers that have input into the cranial nerves to coordinate eye movement. Among the functions of the cortical reflex pathways are (a) controlling vertical and horizontal gaze in response to vestibular input to keep the eyes focused on an object as the head moves through space, and (b) controlling rapid, coordinated eye movement to a new visual target (saccades).

Neurological impairment in nephropathic cystinosis: motor coordination deficits.

Nephropathic cystinosis is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that results in accumulation of the amino acid cystine in lysosomes due to lack of a cystine-specific transporter protein. Cystine accumulates in cells throughout the body and causes progressive damage to multiple organs, including the brain. Neuromotor deficits have been qualitatively described in individuals with cystinosis.

Dementia following herpes zoster encephalitis.

We studied the rare case of an older adult with dementia following herpes zoster encephalitis (HZE). This 71-year-old woman presented to us approximately 1 year following resolution of a rapid-onset episode of HZE, and subsequently underwent neuropsychological and neuroimaging examinations. Cognitive assessment revealed impairments in general cognitive functioning, verbal and nonverbal memory, executive functions, speed of information processing, attention/working memory, and motor skills.

Developmental changes in cerebral white matter microstructure in a disorder of lysosomal storage.

The goal of this work was to study white matter (WM) integrity in children with cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disorder resulting in cystine accumulation in peripheral and central nervous system tissue. Based on previous reports of cystine crystal formation in myelin precursors as well as evidence for specific cognitive deficits in visuospatial functioning, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was applied to 24 children with cystinosis (age 3-7 years) and to 24 typically developing age-matched controls. Scalar diffusion indices, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), were examined in manually defined regions of interest within the parietal and inferior temporal lobes.

Multifocal intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in the retroperitoneum and spine: a case report and review of the literature.

The authors present a unique case of intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) localized in the renal hilum, retroperitoneum, and spine in a patient with Wegener granulomatosis. IPEH rarely occurs in the abdomen or spine with few cases reported in the literature. No case has been reported of IPEH involving both the retroperitoneum and spine.