Development and validation of a steep incline and decline metabolic cost equation for steady-state walking.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a data-supported prediction equation (Lankford equation) for walking metabolic cost ([Formula: see text]), and to compare this equation to the ACSM, Pandolf, Minetti, and LCDA equations. The current study also investigated how kinematics of incline walking relates to mechanical efficiency and metabolic cost.

Method: Subjects consisted of 145 recreationally fit individuals.

21st century United States emissions mitigation could increase water stress more than the climate change it is mitigating.

There is evidence that warming leads to greater evapotranspiration and surface drying, thus contributing to increasing intensity and duration of drought and implying that mitigation would reduce water stresses. However, understanding the overall impact of climate change mitigation on water resources requires accounting for the second part of the equation, i.e.

Explosive particle soil surface dispersion model for detonated military munitions.

The accumulation of high explosive mass residue from the detonation of military munitions on training ranges is of environmental concern because of its potential to contaminate the soil, surface water, and groundwater. The US Department of Defense wants to quantify, understand, and remediate high explosive mass residue loadings that might be observed on active firing ranges. Previously, efforts using various sampling methods and techniques have resulted in limited success, due in part to the complicated dispersion pattern of the explosive particle residues upon detonation.