Real-time percutaneous optical imaging of anatomical structures in the heart through blood using a catheter-based infrared imaging system.

The ability to optically image structures and instrumentation within the heart during procedures is limited by the presence of blood in the field. The goal of our research was to design, develop, and evaluate technology for a catheter-based optical imaging system that enables intracardiac and intravascular visualization in real time through blood. Based on Mie optical scattering theory, imaging through blood using infrared light was theoretically feasible, but scattering in the near-infrared wavelengths (1100 to 1300 nm) generated substantial noise in the image despite relatively low absorption.

Direct imaging of transvenous radiofrequency cardiac ablation using a steerable fiberoptic infrared endoscope.

Background: Direct imaging through blood has been achieved in vivo using fiberoptics and infrared wavelength technology.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using a percutaneous, steerable, fiberoptic infrared endoscope to identify and characterize the electrode-tissue interface during transvenous cardiac ablation.

Methods: Infrared endoscopy was performed during 24 catheter ablation attempts in 10 mongrel dogs.

Direct visualization of coronary sinus ostium and branches with a flexible steerable fiberoptic infrared endoscope.

Background: Placement of electrophysiology catheters and pacing leads in the coronary sinus is challenging in some patients, particularly those with dilated cardiomyopathy. We hypothesized that cannulation of the coronary sinus and its branches can be facilitated by direct visualization. This study reports our experience with navigation into and within the coronary sinus in a closed-chest animal preparation, using a flexible steerable fiberoptic infrared endoscope that allows visualization through flowing blood.