Cost-effectiveness of virtual reality and wet laboratory cataract surgery simulation.

Purpose: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of phacoemulsification simulation training in virtual reality simulator and wet laboratory on operating theater performance.

Methods: Residents were randomized to a combination of virtual reality and wet laboratory phacoemulsification or wet laboratory phacoemulsification. A reference control group consisted of trainees who had wet laboratory training without phacoemulsification.

Rewarming from unwitnessed hypothermic cardiac arrest with good neurological recovery using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

A 26-year-old man, who was training in bad weather for a mountain ultramarathon, became hypothermic after running for 4 h. He deteriorated and was unable to continue. His running partner went for help.

Cost and time resourcing for ophthalmic simulation in the UK: a Royal College of Ophthalmologists' National Survey of regional Simulation Leads in 2021.

Introduction: Ophthalmic simulation is cost-effective in complication prevention. However, there is no consistent resource allocation to provide the necessary time and finance to sustain such activities. We wished to identify the current support for the regional Simulation Leads in the UK.

Cerebral visual impairment-related vision problems in primary school children: a cross-sectional survey.

Aim: To estimate how many children in mainstream primary schools have cerebral visual impairment (CVI)-related vision problems and to investigate whether some indicators might be useful as red flags, if they were associated with increased risk for these problems.

Method: We conducted a survey of primary school children aged 5 to 11 years, using whether they were getting extra educational help and/or teacher- and parent-reported behaviour questionnaires to identify children at risk for CVI. These and a random 5% sample were assessed for CVI-related vision problems.

Royal College of Ophthalmologists' National Ophthalmology Database study of cataract surgery: report 6. The impact of EyeSi virtual reality training on complications rates of cataract surgery performed by first and second year trainees.

Objective: To investigate the impact of EyeSi surgical simulators on posterior capsule rupture (PCR) rates of cataract surgery performed by first and second year trainee surgeons.

Design: A Royal College of Ophthalmologists' National Ophthalmology Database audit study of first and second year surgeons' PCR rates over seven consecutive National Health Service (NHS) years. Participating centres were contacted to ascertain the date when their surgeons had access to an EyeSi machine and whether this was on-site or off-site.

Treatment outcomes for amblyopia using PEDIG amblyopia protocols: a retrospective study of 877 cases.

Background: The landmark Pediatric Eye Disease Investigators Group (PEDIG) Amblyopia Treatment Studies (ATS) 2A and 2B concluded that 6 hours of occlusion were as efficacious as full-time occlusion in treating severe amblyopia and that 2 hours occlusion were as effective as 6 in treating moderate amblyopia. We present the first retrospective study of real-world outcomes of amblyopia treatment using PEDIG amblyopia protocols in 877 patients treated at a single center.

Methods: Electronic patient records were reviewed retrospectively to identify children meeting ATS2A (severe amblyopia) and ATS2B (moderate amblyopia) inclusion criteria who presented at the Gloucestershire Eye Unit from 2013 to 2017.

Epidemiology and location of primary retrieval missions in a Scottish aeromedical service.

Introduction: Prehospital critical care teams comprising an appropriately trained physician and paramedic or nurse have been associated with improved outcomes in selected trauma patients. These teams are a scarce and expensive resource, especially when delivered by rotary air assets. The optimal tasking of prehospital critical care teams is therefore vital and remains a subject of debate.

Field intubation of cardiac arrest patients: a dying art?

Introduction: The most appropriate advanced airway intervention in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is unproven. This study reviews prehospital advanced airway management and its complications in OHCA patients.

Methods: A 4-year, observational, retrospective case review.

Ocular presentation of pediatric Miller-Fisher syndrome.

The authors describe a case of Miller-Fisher syndrome in a child who presented to the ophthalmology department with bilateral abducens nerve palsies. Miller-Fisher syndrome is an important differential diagnosis in any case of bilateral sixth nerve palsies but should only be definitively diagnosed once tumors, infections, and other neurological diseases have been conclusively ruled out.

Emergency department at the cutting edge.

Objective: This paper reviews the experience of penetrating chest trauma over a 3-year period in one UK emergency department.

Methods: A retrospective review was performed of patients assessed in the emergency department resuscitation room between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2005. Patients with penetrating chest trauma, either isolated or in combination with other injuries, were included.

Molecular origin of two polysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni 81116.

The nature of the polysaccharide molecules of the human enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni has been the subject of debate. Previously, C. jejuni 81116 was shown to contain two different polysaccharides, one acidic (polysaccharide A) and the other neutral (polysaccharide B), occurring in a 3 : 1 ratio, respectively.

Variations in Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide to evade the innate immune component surfactant protein D.

Helicobacter pylori is a common and persistent human pathogen of the gastric mucosa. Surfactant protein D (SP-D), a component of innate immunity, is expressed in the human gastric mucosa and is capable of aggregating H. pylori.

Lewis epitopes on outer membrane vesicles of relevance to Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis.

Background: Helicobacter pylori extrudes protein- and lipopolysaccharide-enriched outer membrane vesicles from its cell surface which have been postulated to act to deliver virulence factors to the host. Lewis antigen expression by lipopolysaccharide of H. pylori cells has been implicated in a number of pathogenic roles.

Role of Helicobacter pylori rfaJ genes (HP0159 and HP1416) in lipopolysaccharide synthesis.

The genome of Helicobacter pylori 26695 has been sequenced and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O sidechain of this strain has been shown to express both Lewis x and Lewis y units. To determine the role of HP0159 and HP1416, genes recognized as rfaJ homologs and implicated in LPS synthesis, isogenic mutants of H. pylori 26695 were generated.

Comparative chemical and biological characterization of the lipopolysaccharides of gastric and enterohepatic helicobacters.

Background: The lipopolysaccharide of Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in colonization and pathogenicity. The present study sought to compare structural and biological features of lipopolysaccharides from gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. not previously characterized.

In vivo phase variation and serologic response to lipooligosaccharide of Campylobacter jejuni in experimental human infection.

Some Campylobacter jejuni strains which exhibit mimicry of gangliosides in their lipooligosaccharides (LOSs) are associated with development of Guillain-Barré syndrome, which complicates the selection of a suitable C. jejuni strain in a live-attenuated vaccine. C.

Structures of two polysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni 81116.

Campylobacter jejuni 81116 has been extensively investigated in studies on genes associated with the synthesis of Campylobacter lipopoly/lipooligosaccharides (LPS/LOS). Despite these investigations, data on the chemical structure of polysaccharides from C. jejuni 81116 have been absent.

Algal esterase activity as a biomeasure of environmental degradation in a freshwater creek.

This study investigated the potential for using algal esterase activity of Microcystis aeruginosa and Selenastrum capricornutum as a rapid measure of the biological effects of acid mine drainage (AMD) in a South Australian stream (Australia) also affected by sewage pollution and dry-land salinity. Algal bioassays were based on the non-fluorescent substrate, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) which is metabolised by esterases to the fluorescent product, fluorescein. Esterase activity was interpreted as the mean rate of conversion of FDA to fluorescein and expressed as a percentage of the rate achieved by control algae (%FDAC).

Radiotherapy in thyroid eye disease: the effect on the field of binocular single vision.

Purpose: Thyroid eye disease (TED) can be a functionally disabling condition if ocular muscle involvement causes diplopia. The extraocular muscle restriction creates a reduced or eccentric field of binocular single vision (BSV). Orbital radiotherapy is now widely used in the treatment of TED, and although it has been reported as improving ocular motility, there have been few quantitative studies of the effect of treatment on ocular motor function.