Advancement of Autogenous Vaccines in the Poultry Industry.

Autogenous vaccines, also known as "custom" vaccines, have become an essential instrument in the production veterinarian's toolbox for the control of emerging and evolving diseases. Autogenous vaccines require a reduced burden of U.S.

Rapid Construction and Immunogenicity Testing of a Novel H5 Virus-Like Particle Prototype Vaccine Against Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus.

From October 2016 to July 2017, 47 countries have been affected by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N8 clade 2.3.4.

Virus-Like Particle Based Vaccine Provides High Level of Protection Against Homologous H5N8 HPAIV Challenge in Mule and Pekin Duck, Including Prevention of Transmission.

The most recent pandemic clade of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5, clade 2.3.4.

Metabolic parameters linked by phenotype microarray to acid resistance profiles of poultry-associated Salmonella enterica.

Phenotype microarrays were analyzed for 51 datasets derived from Salmonella enterica. The top 4 serotypes associated with poultry products and one associated with turkey, respectively Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, Infantis and Senftenberg, were represented. Datasets were partitioned initially into two clusters based on ranking by values at pH 4.

Experimental and Field Results Regarding Immunity Induced by a Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus H5 Vector Vaccine Against H5N1 and Other H5 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Challenges.

Vaccination against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) virus (HPAIV) is one of the possible complementary means available for affected countries to control AI when the disease has become, or with a high risk of becoming, endemic. Efficacy of the vaccination against AI relies essentially, but not exclusively, on the capacity of the vaccine to induce immunity against the targeted virus (which is prone to undergo antigenic variations), as well as its capacity to overcome interference with maternal immunity transmitted by immunized breeding hens to their progeny. This property of the vaccine is a prerequisite for its administration at the hatchery, which assures higher and more reliable vaccine coverage of the populations than vaccination at the farm.

Effects of Newcastle disease virus vaccine antibodies on the shedding and transmission of challenge viruses.

Different genotypes of avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 virus (APMV-1) circulate in many parts of the world. Traditionally, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is recognized as having two major divisions represented by classes I and II, with class II being further divided into sixteen genotypes. Although all NDV are members of APMV-1 and are of one serotype, antigenic and genetic diversity is observed between the different genotypes.

Use of FTA sampling cards for molecular detection of avian influenza virus in wild birds.

Current avian influenza (AI) virus surveillance programs involving wild birds rely on sample collection methods that require refrigeration or low temperature freezing to maintain sample integrity for virus isolation and/or reverse-transcriptase (RT) PCR. Maintaining the cold chain is critical for the success of these diagnostic assays but is not always possible under field conditions. The aim of this study was to test the utility of Finders Technology Associates (FTA) cards for reliable detection of AI virus from cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs of wild birds.

Avian influenza surveillance in hunter-harvested waterfowl from the Gulf Coast of Texas (November 2005-January 2006).

The objectives of our study were to determine prevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIV) on wintering grounds on the Texas Gulf Coast, USA, and to compare real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and virus isolation for detection of AIV in cloacal swabs from wild waterfowl. Cloacal swabs were collected from hunter-harvested waterfowl from November 2005 to January 2006 at four wildlife management areas. Seven AIV were isolated from four species of ducks: Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca) in November; Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors) in November; Mottled Duck (Anas fulvigula) in December, and Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata) in January.

Heteroduplex mobility assay for genotyping infectious bursal disease virus.

A heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) was developed to genotype infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). This method analyzed 390-base pair (bp) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, encompassing the hypervariable region of the VP2 gene. IBDV strains from the United States and other countries were analyzed.

A recombination event, induced in ovo, between a low passage infectious bronchitis virus field isolate and a highly embryo adaptedvaccine strain.

The possibility of genomic recombination among different strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was examined in eve by coinfecting specific pathogen free embryonating chicken eggs with commonly used, embryo-adapted vaccine strains of IBV (Arkansas, Massachusetts, and Connecticut), and a Delaware-072-like field virus isolated from a layer farm in Minnesota. Recombination was observed between th e Massachusetts and the Delaware-072-like strains of the virus. The recombination event was assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using a combination of specific primers designed to flank a known recombination hot spot of the viral genomic sequence that codes for the S1 subunit of the spike envelope protein.

Development and application of reverse transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction test for the detection of exogenous avian leukosis virus.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that utilizes nested primers to amplify a fragment of the long terminal repeat of exogenous avian leukosis virus (ALV) was developed and evaluated for detection of ALV subgroup J directly from clinical samples. Compilation of sequence data from different endogenous and exogenous ALVs allowed the selection of a conserved set of nested primers specific for the amplification of exogenous ALV subgroups A, B, C, D, and J and excluded amplification of endogenous viruses or endogenous viral sequences within the chicken genome. The nested primers were successfully used in both PCR and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR assays to detect genetically diverse ALV-J field isolates.

Chicken anemia virus and infectious bursal disease virus interfere with transcription of chicken IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA.

Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) are the two most important viruses that cause immunosuppression in commercial chickens. Because inapparent, subclinical infections by these viruses cause immunosuppression, there is need for assessment of the immune status of chickens. Interference with induction of transcription for chicken interferon-alpha (ChIFN-alpha) and ChIFN-gamma was noted after subclinical infections with either CAV or IBDV.