The Short Form 6 Dimensions (SF-6D): Development and Evolution.

This paper considers the development and evolution of the short-form 6 dimensions (SF-6D), a generic preference-weighted measure consisting of a health classification with accompanying value set that was developed from one of the widest used health related quality of life measures, the SF-36 health survey. This enabled health state utility values to be directly generated from SF-36 and SF-12 data for a range of purposes, including to produce quality adjusted life years for use in economic evaluation of healthcare interventions across a range of different conditions and treatments. This paper considers the rationale for the development of the measure, the development process, performance and how the SF-6D has evolved since its conception.

Discrete Choice Experiments in Health State Valuation: A Systematic Review of Progress and New Trends.

Background: Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are increasingly used in health state valuation studies.

Objective: This systematic review updates the progress and new findings of DCE studies in the health state valuation, covering the period since the review of June 2018 to November 2022. The review reports the methods that are currently being used in DCE studies to value health and study design characteristics, and, for the first time, reviews DCE health state valuation studies published in the Chinese language.

Development of the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised-8 Dimensions: Estimating Utilities From the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised.

Objectives: Cystic fibrosis (CF) limits survival and negatively affects health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) may be used to make reimbursement decisions for new CF treatments; nevertheless, generic utility measures used in CEA, such as EQ-5D, are insensitive to meaningful changes in lung function and HRQOL in CF. Here we develop a new, CF disease-specific, preference-based utility measure based on the adolescent/adult version of the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R), a widely used, CF-specific, patient-reported measure of HRQOL.

Hypothetical versus experienced health state valuation: a qualitative study of adult general public views and preferences.

Objectives: Responses from hypothetical and experienced valuation tasks of health-related quality of life differ, yet there is limited understanding of why these differences exist, what members of the public think about them, and acceptable resolutions. This study explores public understanding of, opinions on, and potential solutions to differences between hypothetical versus experienced responses, in the context of allocating health resources.

Methods: Six focus groups with 30 members of the UK adult public were conducted, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using framework analysis.

Estimation of a Canadian preference-based scoring algorithm for the Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey: a population survey using a discrete-choice experiment.

Background: The Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12) is a generic patient-reported outcome measure derived from the widely used 36- and 12-item Short Form Health Surveys. We aimed to estimate a Canadian preference-based scoring algorithm for the VR-12, enabling the derivation of health utility values for generating quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).

Methods: We conducted a discrete-choice experiment in a sample of the Canadian population in January and February 2019.

Disease-specific assessment of Vision Impairment in Low Luminance in age-related macular degeneration - a MACUSTAR study report.

Background/aims: To further validate the Vision Impairment in Low Luminance (VILL) questionnaire, which captures visual functioning and vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) under low luminance, low-contrast conditions relevant to age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods: The VILL was translated from German into English (UK), Danish, Dutch, French, Italian and Portuguese. Rasch analysis was used to assess psychometric characteristics of 716 participants (65% female, mean age 72±7 years, 82% intermediate AMD) from the baseline visit of the MACUSTAR study.

Valuing child and adolescent health: a qualitative study on different perspectives and priorities taken by the adult general public.

Background: Quantitative health preference research has shown that different "perspectives", defined here as who is imagined to be experiencing particular health states, impact stated preferences. This qualitative project aimed to elucidate this phenomenon, within the context of adults' valuation of child and adolescent health states.

Methods: Six focus groups with 30 members of the UK adult public were conducted between December 2019 and February 2020 and analysed using framework analysis.

Adapting preference-based utility measures to capture the impact of cancer treatment-related symptoms.

It is important that patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures used to assess cancer therapies adequately capture the benefits and risks experienced by patients, particularly when adverse event profiles differ across therapies. This study explores the case for augmenting preference-based utility measures to capture the impact of cancer treatment-related symptoms. Additional cancer treatment-related items could be specific (e.

Vignette-Based Utilities: Usefulness, Limitations, and Methodological Recommendations.

Health technology assessment agencies often prefer that utilities used to calculate quality-adjusted life years in cost-utility analyses (CUAs) are derived using standardized methods, such as generic preference-based measures completed by patients in clinical trials. However, there are situations when no standardized approach is feasible or appropriate for a specific medical condition or treatment that must be represented in a CUA. When this occurs, vignette-based methods are often used to estimate utilities.

Person-centred experiential therapy versus cognitive behavioural therapy delivered in the English Improving Access to Psychological Therapies service for the treatment of moderate or severe depression (PRaCTICED): a pragmatic, randomised, non-inferiority trial.

Background: The UK Government's implementation in 2008 of the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) initiative in England has hugely increased the availability of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for the treatment of depression and anxiety in primary care. Counselling for depression-a form of person-centred experiential therapy (PCET)-has since been included as an IAPT-approved therapy, but there is no evidence of its efficacy from randomised controlled trials (RCTs), as required for recommendations by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Therefore, we aimed to examine whether PCET is cost effective and non-inferior to CBT in the treatment of moderate and severe depression within the IAPT service.

Evaluating the conduct and application of health utility studies: a review of critical appraisal tools and reporting checklists.

Background: Published health utility studies are increasingly cited in cost-utility analyses to inform reimbursement decision-making. However, there is limited guidance for investigators looking to systematically evaluate the methodological quality of health utility studies or their applicability to decision contexts.

Objective: To describe how health utility concepts are reflected in tools intended for use with the health economic literature, particularly with respect to the evaluation of methodological quality and context applicability.

Development of a New Quality of Life Measure for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using Mixed Methods: The DMD-QoL.

Objective: Based on concerns about existing patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for assessing quality of life (QoL) in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), we describe the mixed methods development of a new QoL PROM for use in boys and men with DMD: the DMD-QoL.

Methods: The DMD-QoL was developed in 3 stages. First, draft items were generated from 18 semistructured qualitative interviews with boys and men with DMD, analyzed using framework analysis.

Valuation of SF-6Dv2 Health States in China Using Time Trade-off and Discrete-Choice Experiment with a Duration Dimension.

Objectives: Our objective was to generate a value set for the SF-6Dv2 using time trade-off (TTO) and a discrete-choice experiment with a duration dimension (DCE) in China.

Methods: A large representative sample of the Chinese general population was recruited from eight provinces/municipalities in China, stratified by age, sex, education level, and proportion of urban/rural residence. Respondents completed eight TTO tasks and ten DCE tasks during face-to-face interviews.

Do Discrete Choice Experiments Approaches Perform Better Than Time Trade-Off in Eliciting Health State Utilities? Evidence From SF-6Dv2 in China.

Objectives: To explore the acceptability, consistency, and accuracy of eliciting health state utility values using discrete choice experiment (DCE) and DCE with life duration dimension (DCE) as compared with conventional time trade-off (TTO) by using the SF-6Dv2.

Methods: During face-to-face interviews, a representative sample of the general population in Tianjin, China, completed 8 TTO tasks and 10 DCE/DCE tasks, with the order of TTO and DCE/DCE being randomized. The fixed-effect model and conditional logit models were used for TTO and DCEs data estimation, respectively.

What Is the Health and Well-Being Burden for Parents Living With a Child With ADHD in the United Kingdom?

To explore the burden associated with childhood ADHD in a large observational study. We recruited familes with at least one child (6-18 years) with ADHD via 15 NHS trusts in the UK, and collected data from all family members. We made careful adjustments to ensure a like-for-like comparison with two different control groups, and explored the impact of controlling for a positive parental/carer ADHD screen, employment, and relationship status.

Developing a New Version of the SF-6D Health State Classification System From the SF-36v2: SF-6Dv2.

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop the classification system for version of the SF-6D (SF-6Dv2) from the SF-36v2. SF-6Dv2 is an improved version of SF-6D, one of the most widely used generic measures of health for the calculation of quality-adjusted life years.

Study Design And Setting: A 3-step process was undertaken to generate a new classification system: (1) factor analysis to establish dimensionality; (2) Rasch analysis to understand item performance; and (3) tests of differential item function.

The Simplified Chinese version of SF-6Dv2: translation, cross-cultural adaptation and preliminary psychometric testing.

Purpose: To translate, cross-culturally adapt and preliminarily test the Simplified Chinese version of SF-6Dv2 among the Chinese general population.

Methods: The translation followed the international guidelines. Face-to-face cognitive debriefing was carried out in a small sample of the Chinese general population, using both think-aloud and retrospective probing methods.

U.K. utility weights for the EORTC QLU-C10D.

The EORTC QLU-C10D is a new multi-attribute utility instrument derived from the widely used cancer-specific quality of life questionnaire, EORTC QLQ-C30. It contains 10 dimensions (physical functioning, role functioning, social functioning, emotional functioning, pain, fatigue, sleep, appetite, nausea, bowel problems), each with four levels. The aim of this study was to provide U.

Consistency Between Three Different Ways of Administering the Short Form 6 Dimension Version 2.

Background: The Short Form 6 Dimension (SF-6D) is a multi-attribute utility instrument derived from the Short-Form 36 Health Survey Version 2 (SF-36v2) quality of life questionnaire and is used to calculate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) on a scale 0 to 1. The SF-6Dv2 is a new version of the SF-6D.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the consistency of respondents' answers to 3 different methods to administer this new version.

Developing a preference-based utility scoring algorithm for the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI).

It is challenging to identify health state utilities associated with psoriasis because generic preference-based measures may not capture the impact of dermatological symptoms. The Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) is one of the most commonly used psoriasis rating scales in clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to develop a utility scoring algorithm for the PASI.

Producing a preference-based quality of life measure for people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a mixed-methods study protocol.

Introduction: Preference-based measures (PBMs) of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are used to generate quality-adjusted life years, which are necessary for cost-effectiveness evaluations of health interventions via cost-utility analysis. These measures of health can be generic (ie, pandiagnostic) or condition specific. No condition-specific PBM of HRQoL in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) exists, yet there are concerns that standard generic measures lack the specificity to assess aspects of HRQoL that are especially important to people with DMD.

Future Directions in Valuing Benefits for Estimating QALYs: Is Time Up for the EQ-5D?

The widespread adoption of the EuroQol 5-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D) has been important for the comparability, transparency, and consistency of economic evaluations for informing resource allocation in healthcare. The objectives of this article were to (1) critically assess whether the widespread adoption of the EQ-5D and its time trade-off-based value sets to inform economic evaluation is likely to continue and (2) speculate about how benefits may be measured and valued to inform economic evaluation in the future. Evidence supports the use of the EQ-5D in many areas of health, but there are notable gaps.

Selecting Bolt-On Dimensions for the EQ-5D: Examining Their Contribution to Health-Related Quality of Life.

Background: Generic preference-based measures may miss dimensions important for the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients. When this happens, a possible solution is to add bolt-ons. Finch et al.

Determining Value in Health Technology Assessment: Stay the Course or Tack Away?

The economic evaluation of new health technologies to assess whether the value of the expected health benefits warrants the proposed additional costs has become an essential step in making novel interventions available to patients. This assessment of value is problematic because there exists no natural means to measure it. One approach is to assume that society wishes to maximize aggregate health, measured in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs).