Inflammation Biomarker Response to Oral 2-Hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) Acetate in Healthy Humans.

Inflammation is associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the formation of lipid-derived compounds, such as isolevuglandins (IsoLGs), malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-nonenal, and 4-oxo-nonenal. The most reactive of these are the IsoLGs, which form covalent adducts with lysine residues and other cellular primary amines leading to changes in protein function, immunogenicity, and epigenetic alterations and have been shown to contribute to a number of inflammatory diseases. 2-Hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) is a natural compound found in buckwheat seeds and reacts with all IsoLG adducts preventing adduct formation with proteins and DNA.

Acute dose toxicity evaluation of the food supplement calcium 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate (HMB) in female Sprague Dawley rats.

The leucine metabolite, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate (HMB), primarily utilized as the calcium salt (CaHMB) has become one of the most widely used supplements and food ingredients to promote muscle health. While both CaHMB and HMB free acid have published sub-chronic toxicity studies, and CaHMB has published studies on genotoxicity, data are lacking on the acute dosing of HMB which is important for regulatory and transportation classification as well as in cases of accidental overconsumption. Therefore, an acute oral toxicity study was conducted with CaHMB following OECD 420 guidelines.

Dose Response of Acute ATP Supplementation on Strength Training Performance.

Chronic oral ATP supplementation benefits cardiovascular health, muscular performance, body composition, and recovery while attenuating muscle breakdown and fatigue. A single 400 mg dose of oral ATP supplementation improved lower body resistance training performance and energy expenditure in recreational resistance trained males, however, the minimal effective dose is currently unknown. Twenty recreationally trained men (age 28.

Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle mass and strength in onabotulinumtoxin type-A-injected and contralateral quadriceps femoris in rabbits.

Objective: To determine the effects of the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on strength, muscle mass, and contractile material in muscle wasting induced by onabotulinumtoxin type-A (BoNT-A) injection into the quadriceps femoris muscles of New Zealand white rabbits.

Methods: A total of 21, female rabbits were divided into 3 groups (n=7, each). Group 1 (Control) received intramuscular injection of saline.

Long-term Effects of Calcium β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Muscular Function in Older Adults With and Without Resistance Training: A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Study.

The primary aim of this study was to determine whether supplementation with calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) and vitamin D3 (D) would enhance muscle function and strength in older adults. Older adults over 60 years of age with insufficient circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25OH-D) levels were enrolled in a double-blinded controlled 12-month study. Study participants were randomly assigned to treatments consisting of: (a) Control + no exercise, (b) HMB+D + no exercise, (c) Control + exercise, and (d) HMB+D + exercise.

Subchronic (90-Day) repeated dose toxicity study of disodium adenosine-5'-triphosphate in rats.

Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is the primary source of energy for cells and oral supplementation with ATP offers numerous different health benefits, including the regulation of blood flow and muscle contraction. In this study, ATP, disodium salt, was administered by gavage to rats for 90 consecutive days at doses of 0 (control), 500, 1000, and 2000 mg kg BW·d (n = 10 per sex/group). Subchronic administration of ATP was well tolerated at all dose levels.

Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of repeated oral doses of 2-hydroxybenzylamine acetate in healthy volunteers: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Background: 2-Hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) is a selective dicarbonyl electrophile scavenger being developed as a nutritional supplement to help protect against the development of conditions associated with dicarbonyl electrophile formation, such as the cognitive decline observed with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer's disease.

Methods: This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of repeated oral doses of 2-HOBA acetate (500 or 750 mg) administered to healthy volunteers every eight hours for two weeks. The effects of 2-HOBA on cyclooxygenase function and cerebrospinal fluid penetrance of 2-HOBA were also investigated.

First-in-human study assessing safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of 2-hydroxybenzylamine acetate, a selective dicarbonyl electrophile scavenger, in healthy volunteers.

Background: 2-Hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) is a selective scavenger of dicarbonyl electrophiles that protects proteins and lipids from being modified by these electrophiles. It is currently being developed for use as a nutritional supplement to help maintain good health and protect against the development of conditions associated with dicarbonyl electrophile formation, such as the cognitive decline associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

Methods: In this first-in-human study, the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of six ascending single oral doses of 2-HOBA acetate were tested in eighteen healthy human volunteers.

Subchronic (90-day) repeated dose oral toxicity study of 2-hydroxybenzylamine acetate in rabbit.

2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA), a naturally occurring compound found in buckwheat, has potential for use as a nutrition supplement due to its ability to protect against the damaging effects of oxidative stress. In a series of rodent toxicity studies, 2-HOBA acetate was well-tolerated and did not produce any toxic effects over 28 or 90 days of repeated oral administration. However, it remained necessary to test the potential toxicity of 2-HOBA acetate in a non-rodent species.

Genotoxicity assessment of calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate.

β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a leucine metabolite available in calcium salt (CaHMB) and free acid forms as a sports nutrition ergogenic aid. HMB has also been used to support muscle health in the elderly and other populations needing to maintain muscle mass. Several human studies have reported safety data for CaHMB, and rodent sub-chronic toxicity studies have been conducted; however, there are no published genotoxicity studies for HMB.

Subchronic (90-day) repeated dose toxicity study of 2-hydroxybenzylamine acetate in rats.

2-Hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA), a naturally occurring compound found in buckwheat, can protect cells and tissues from oxidative stress. In this study, 2-HOBA acetate was orally administered to male and female rats for 90 consecutive days at doses of 100, 500, and 1000 mg·kg BW·d (n = 20 per sex/group). Subchronic administration of 2-HOBA was well tolerated at all dose levels.

In vitro safety pharmacology evaluation of 2-hydroxybenzylamine acetate.

2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA), a compound found in buckwheat, is a potent scavenger of reactive γ-ketoaldehydes, which are increased in diseases associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. While the potential of 2-HOBA is promising, studies were needed to characterize the safety of the compound before clinical trials. In a series of experiments, the risks of 2-HOBA-mediated mutagenicity and cardio-toxicity were assessed in vitro.

Acute and 28-day repeated dose toxicity evaluations of 2-hydroxybenzylamine acetate in mice and rats.

2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA), a compound naturally found in buckwheat, has been shown to protect cells and tissues from the damaging effects of oxidative stress. The purpose of this report was to evaluate 2-HOBA in preclinical oral rodent toxicity studies. This report includes the results from three oral toxicity studies in rodents: a preliminary 28-day feeding study in mice, a 14-day acute oral toxicity study in rats, and a 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study in rats.

Mitigation of Salmonella on Pet Food Kibbles by Using Liquid and Powdered 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylbutyric Acid.

In recent years, several pet food recalls have been attributed to Salmonella contamination. In addition to the negative impacts on animal health, Salmonella-contaminated pet foods have been linked to infection in humans. With that in mind, the U.

Comparison of availability and plasma clearance rates of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate delivery in the free acid and calcium salt forms.

β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a leucine metabolite, has long been supplemented as a Ca salt (Ca-HMB) to increase strength and performance gains with exercise and to reduce recovery time. Recently, the free acid form of HMB (HMB-FA) has become commercially available in capsule form (gelcap). The current study was conducted to compare the bioavailability of HMB using the two commercially available capsule forms of HMB-FA and Ca-HMB.

The effects of 12 weeks of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and power in resistance-trained individuals: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Introduction: Studies utilizing beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation in trained populations are limited. No long-term studies utilizing HMB free acid (HMB-FA) have been conducted. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 12 weeks of HMB-FA supplementation on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, body composition, strength, and power in trained individuals.

Subchronic toxicity study of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric free acid in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate-monohydrate (CaHMB) is a dietary supplement used as an ergogenic aid and in functional and medical foods. A new delivery form has been developed, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric free acid (HMBFA), which has improved bioavailability. While the safety of CaHMB is well documented, there are few published studies demonstrating the safety of HMBFA.

β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid reduces markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and improves recovery in resistance-trained men.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of short-term supplementation with the free acid form of b-hydroxyb-methylbutyrate (HMB-FA) on indices of muscle damage, protein breakdown, recovery and hormone status following a high-volume resistance training session in trained athletes. A total of twenty resistance-trained males were recruited to participate in a high-volume resistance training session centred on full squats, bench presses and dead lifts. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 3 g/d of HMB-FA or a placebo.

Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) supplementation improves low peak muscle torque and torque fatigue during repeated high intensity exercise sets.

Background: Intracellular concentrations of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) are many times greater than extracellular concentrations (1-10 mM versus 10-100 nM, respectively) and cellular release of ATP is tightly controlled. Transient rises in extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have important signaling roles; and acting through purinergic receptors, can increase blood flow and oxygenation of tissues; and act as neurotransmitters. Increased blood flow not only increases substrate availability but may also aid in recovery through removal of metabolic waste products allowing muscles to accomplish more work with less fatigue.

Vitamin D status affects strength gains in older adults supplemented with a combination of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, arginine, and lysine: a cohort study.

Background: Older adults supplemented for 1 year with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, arginine, and lysine (HMB/ARG/LYS) were previously shown to have significant gains in fat-free mass (FFM) but not muscular strength.

Objective: Recently, increasing levels of serum vitamin D have been associated with an increase in muscle function, particularly in the elderly. To determine if vitamin D status may have limited strength gain in participants supplemented with HMB/ARG/LYS, the authors performed post hoc analysis of strength based on the participants' vitamin D status.

Free acid gel form of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) improves HMB clearance from plasma in human subjects compared with the calcium HMB salt.

The leucine metabolite, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), is a nutritional supplement that increases lean muscle and strength with exercise and in disease states. HMB is presently available as the Ca salt (CaHMB). The present study was designed to examine whether HMB in free acid gel form will improve HMB availability to tissues.