Utilizing ultrasound in suspected necrotizing enterocolitis with equivocal radiographic findings.

Background: To examine the use of abdominal ultrasound (AUS) as a diagnostic adjunct in the diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in cases where abdominal radiography (AXR) is equivocal in order to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in neonates.

Methods: Retrospective study (2017-2019) of infants undergoing NEC evaluation with equivocal AXR findings (n = 54). Paired AXR and AUS were reviewed with respect to presence or absence of pneumatosis.

Diagnosis of EVALI in Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Series.

Objective: Electronic-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI) is an illness that requires further awareness for appropriate diagnosis and management. This series is a retrospective chart review of EVALI cases admitted from June to December 2020 at a large academic children's hospital in New York.

Methods: Notably during this time, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic rendered the world under strict quarantine mandates.

Congenital Rhabdomyosarcoma Presenting as a Neck Mass at Birth.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor of the soft tissues which preferentially affects the pediatric population. Neonatal rhabdomyosarcoma is rare, and much of the published literature concerning this entity consists of isolated case reports and small case series. Recent work involving the classification of rhabdomyosarcoma has helped to delineate prognostic information based on gene rearrangements.

The Utility of MRI in the Diagnosis of Takayasu Arteritis.

Takayasu Arteritis (TA) is an inflammatory disorder involving the thoracoabdominal aorta and its branches and the pulmonary arteries, with eventual vascular stenosis, occlusion, or aneurysm formation. Conventional angiography has been the reference imaging standard for diagnosis of TA. The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate the utility of MR imaging and MR angiography in the diagnosis of Takayasu Arteritis in a pediatric patient.

The utility of the plain radiograph "shunt series" in the evaluation of suspected ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure in pediatric patients.

Background: To our knowledge, the sensitivity of plain radiography, known as the shunt series, in diagnosing an etiology of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt malfunction in children has not been previously investigated.

Objective: To determine the accuracy of plain radiography in diagnosing VP shunt failure in children in whom shunt malfunction is clinically suspected.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 238 children who had undergone plain radiographic examination for evaluation of clinically suspected VP shunt failure over a 5-year period.

Localized persistent interstitial pulmonary emphysema presenting as a spontaneous tension pneumothorax in a full term infant.

Persistent interstitial pulmonary emphysema (PIPE) is a syndrome characterized by air-leakage in the perivascular tissues of the lung, primarily affecting mechanically ventilated neonates. Reports in the literature of infants developing PIPE with no history of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or mechanical ventilation are scarce. Here, we present a case of a 3-month-old former full term male infant with no history of RDS or mechanical ventilation who presented with focal cystic lung disease associated with spontaneous tension pneumothorax.

Appendicitis in children: low-dose CT with a phantom-based simulation technique--initial observations.

Purpose: To retrospectively determine the accuracy of low-dose (20-mAs) computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children by using a technique that enables the simulation of human CT scans acquired at a lower tube current given the image acquired at a standard dose.

Materials And Methods: Institutional review board approval was obtained, informed consent was not required, and the study was HIPAA compliant. The authors reviewed 100 standard-dose pediatric abdominal-pelvic CT scans (50 positive and 50 negative scans) obtained in 100 patients and corresponding simulated low-dose (20-mAs) scans.

Metanephric adenoma in an 8-year-old child: case report and review of the literature.

Metanephric adenoma (MA) is a renal tumor that is rarely found in children. We present a case of MA that was incidentally discovered in an 8-year-old child on computed tomography. We also review the literature regarding this lesion in the pediatric population.

Primary bacterial peritonitis in otherwise healthy children: imaging findings.

We report the imaging findings of two recent cases of primary bacterial peritonitis in otherwise healthy children with a clinical presentation mimicking acute appendicitis. Primary bacterial peritonitis is rare in the absence of underlying systemic disease. Although it has been described in the pediatric literature, the imaging findings have not been described in the radiological literature to the best of our knowledge.

Polyorchidism: report of 3 cases and review of the literature.

Objective: To describe the embryologic, clinical, sonographic, and magnetic resonance imaging features of polyorchidism and to review the literature on similar cases.

Methods: Over a 5-year period, we encountered 3 patients who were found to have polyorchidism on scrotal sonography. All 3 patients had a painless scrotal mass.