Risk factors for incident vertebral fractures in men and women: the Rotterdam Study.

Unlabelled: Low BMD and prevalent vertebral fractures are known risk factors for incident vertebral fractures. In 3001 men and women from the Rotterdam Study, prevalent nonvertebral fractures, early menopause, current smoking, and walking aid use were also strong risk factors for incident vertebral fractures.

Introduction: Thus far, age, low BMD, and prevalent vertebral fractures are the only well-known risk factors for incident vertebral fractures.

A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk.

Unlabelled: The relationship between use of corticosteroids and fracture risk was estimated in a meta-analysis of data from seven cohort studies of approximately 42,000 men and women. Current and past use of corticosteroids was an important predictor of fracture risk that was independent of prior fracture and BMD.

Introduction: The aims of this study were to validate that corticosteroid use is a significant risk factor for fracture in an international setting and to explore the effects of age and sex on this risk.

Intervention thresholds for osteoporosis in men and women: a study based on data from Sweden.

The aim of this study was to determine the threshold of fracture probability at which interventions became cost-effective in men and women, based on data from Sweden. We modeled the effects of a treatment costing $500 per year given for 5 years that decreased the risk of all osteoporotic fractures by 35% followed by a waning of effect for a further 5 years. Sensitivity analyses included a range of effectiveness (10-50%) and a range of intervention costs ($200-500/year).

Associations between baseline risk factors and vertebral fracture risk in the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Study.

Unlabelled: Different risk factors may influence the effectiveness of osteoporosis therapies. The interaction of 30 baseline risk factors and the effectiveness of raloxifene in the MORE study were assessed. The efficacy of raloxifene in reducing vertebral fractures is largely independent of the presence of clinical risk factors for osteoporotic fractures.

Clodronate reduces vertebral fracture risk in women with postmenopausal or secondary osteoporosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled 3-year study.

Unlabelled: The efficacy of oral clodronate 800 mg daily to reduce vertebral fractures was studied in 593 women with postmenopausal or secondary osteoporosis. The incidence of vertebral fractures was significantly reduced by 46%. The effect was not modified by the underlying cause of osteoporosis or other baseline factors including bone mineral density, QUS, weight, and smoking.

Two to three years of hormone replacement treatment in healthy women have long-term preventive effects on bone mass and osteoporotic fractures: the PERF study.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is often prescribed for a few years to suppress menopausal symptoms. Although its long-term use of HRT for the primary prevention of osteoporosis is not currently recommended, the long-term skeletal benefits of the limited therapy are of great interest. To determine whether administration of HRT for 2-3 years in the early postmenopausal years provides long-term benefits, such as prevention of bone loss and osteoporotic fractures, we studied a group of 347 healthy postmenopausal women with normal bone mass who had earlier completed one of four placebo-controlled HRT trials and who were reexamined 5, 11, or 15 years after stopping HRT.

Excess mortality after hospitalisation for vertebral fracture.

An excess mortality is well described after vertebral fracture. Deaths are in part related to co-morbidity, but could also be due to the fracture event itself, either directly or indirectly. The aim of this study was to examine the quantum and pattern of mortality following vertebral fracture.

Characteristics of a prevalent vertebral deformity predict subsequent vertebral fracture: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS).

The presence of a prevalent vertebral deformity increases the risk of a future vertebral fracture. The aim of this study was to determine whether certain characteristics of the prevalent deformity, including its shape and location in the spine, influenced this effect. The 3100 men and 3500 women who took part in this analysis were recruited from population registers for participation in the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS).

Effect of raloxifene on the risk of new vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis: a reanalysis of the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation trial.

Raloxifene reduces vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and established osteoporosis, but its efficacy in women with osteopenia has not been studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of raloxifene hydrochloride on the risk of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteopenia and to compare this effect with that in women with osteoporosis as defined by the bone mineral density (BMD) T-score at the hip. We studied the 3204 postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis without vertebral fractures at baseline in the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation trial.

Association between vertebral fracture and increased mortality in osteoporotic patients.

Unlabelled: Determinants of mortality were studied in a prospective study of 677 women and men with primary or secondary osteoporosis. Prevalent vertebral fractures were associated with increased mortality, but other known predictors of mortality explain a significant proportion of the excess risk.

Introduction: In population studies, prevalent vertebral fractures are associated with increased mortality.

Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of clodronate in patients with primary operable breast cancer.

Purpose: The development of bone metastases depends on tumor-induced osteoclastic resorption of bone, which may be inhibited by the antiosteolytic bisphosphonate clodronate. Given to patients with primary breast cancer, clodronate might reduce the subsequent incidence of bone metastases.

Patients And Methods: This double-blind, multicenter trial accrued 1,069 assessable patients with operable breast cancer between 1989 and 1995.

International variations in hip fracture probabilities: implications for risk assessment.

It is recommended that intervention thresholds should be based on absolute fracture risk, but there is a large variation in hip fracture incidence from different regions of the world. The aim of this study was to examine heterogeneity of hip fracture probability in different regions from recent estimates of hip fracture incidence and mortality to adjust intervention thresholds. Ten-year probabilities of hip fracture were computed in men and women at 10-year intervals from the age of 50 years and lifetime risks at the age of 50 years from the hazard functions of hip fracture and death.

Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk.

The diagnosis of osteoporosis centres on the assessment of bone mineral density (BMD). Osteoporosis is defined as a BMD 2.5 SD or more below the average value for premenopausal women (T score < -2.