Objective: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and overall postweaning treatment rates were compared among 3 groups of calves either differentially primed and boosted with commercially available bovine coronavirus (BCoV) vaccine or not vaccinated against BCoV.
Animals: Commercial heifer and steer beef calves born in April and May 2022.
Procedure: In June 2022, calves were randomly enrolled into 3 treatment groups.
Commercial products containing immunoglobulin G (IgG) sourced from colostrum, milk, and/or serum may be used to supplement or replace maternal colostrum in newborn dairy calves. To determine if antibody specificities in bovine milk and serum IgG differ from colostrum IgG, we sampled serum, colostrum (1 to 2 hours post-partum), and milk (day 5 post-partum) from 24 dairy heifers or cows. Specific antibodies [IgG class (H&L)] to 8 common pathogens were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFImmunoglobulin A (IgA) is widely recognized as the important antibody isotype involved in protective responses on mucosal surfaces, where it acts primarily by effectuating immune exclusion of foreign material. Selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD) is the most common immunodeficiency disease in dogs and humans and has consequences for mucosal immunity. This review is a comparative look at the biology of IgA and SIgAD with a focus on how this branch of immunology relates to vaccine selection and efficacy for canine infectious respiratory disease.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBovine and human respiratory syncytial viruses (BRSV, HRSV) are primary causes of pneumonia in calves and children respectively, with vaccination offering protection via antibody and cellular immune responses. However, with no vaccines currently licensed for human use, evaluation of local responses to BRSV vaccination may provide insights to aid the design of effective safe HRSV vaccines. Calves received intranasal single component BRSV vaccine or "3-Way" vaccine (BRSV, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BHV-1), Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type-3 (BPIV-3)), and were BRSV-challenged 42 days post-vaccination.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn order to determine whether nasal secretions of young calves contain passively derived antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and if there are differences in presence and/or subclass of these antibodies between calves fed different colostrum replacement products, 17 Holstein calves were fed 150 g of IgG in either a sprayed-dried colostrum-based (CR; = 8) or a plasma-based colostrum replacement product (PR; = 9) within 6 h of birth. Venous blood and nasal secretions obtained before feeding and at 24 h of age were assayed for total IgG (serum) by radial immunodiffusion and for BRSV-specific total IgG, IgG-1, and IgG-2 by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Calves that were fed a CR had higher concentrations of BRSV-specific IgG and IgG-1 in their serum and nasal secretions compared to calves fed product PR; calves fed the PR had higher levels of serum BRSV-specific IgG-2.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn order to determine the comparative efficacy of injectable and intranasal vaccines to stimulate -reactive anamnestic antibodies, a trial was conducted using 144 adult household dogs of various breeds and ages, which had been previously administered intranasal vaccine approximately 12 months before enrollment. Dogs were randomized into 2 groups and blood, nasal swabs, and pharyngeal swabs were collected prior to the administration of single component vaccines intranasally or parenterally. Ten to 14 days later all dogs were resampled to measure changes in systemic and local antibody to There were no differences in the changes in -reactive serum IgG and nasal IgA between the groups, whereas intranasally vaccinated dogs had significantly higher -reactive serum IgA.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVet Microbiol
July 2017
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a paramyxovirus that is the major cause of pneumonia in calves. Vaccines for this important pathogen have been available since the late 1970's. This review is a critical assessment of the literature including, experimental challenge studies and field trials, that address the efficacy of commonly used vaccines to control respiratory disease caused by BRSV.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) has long been causally associated with respiratory disease in dogs. Parenteral and intranasal vaccines for this pathogen have been in common use since their development in the late 1970s and early 1980s and recently a commercial oral Bb vaccine has become available. Overall, the literature (comprising experimental infection models and field studies) documents the efficacy of these vaccines in stimulating disease-sparing mucosal and systemic immune responses that can be associated with reduced growth of Bb in vivo.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To determine whether a combination modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) vaccine could stimulate protective immunity in young BRSV-seropositive calves following intranasal administration and determine the duration of clinical immunity.
Design: Controlled challenge study. Animals-84 dairy calves (3 to 11 days old).
Ranked among the top threats to conservation worldwide, infectious disease is of particular concern for wild canids because domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) may serve as sources and reservoirs of infection. On British Columbia's largely undeveloped but rapidly changing central and north coasts, little is known about diseases in wolves (Canis lupus) or other wildlife. However, several threats exist for transfer of diseases among unvaccinated dogs and wolves.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBovine parainfluenza-3 virus (bPI(3)V) is a long-recognized, currently underappreciated, endemic infection in cattle populations. Clinical disease is most common in calves with poor passive transfer or decayed maternal antibodies. It is usually mild, consisting of fever, nasal discharge, and dry cough.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe objective of this study was to improve the visual localization of urease activity of Helicobacter pylori-like organisms (HPLO) on swine gastric mucosa by in vitro optimization of the urea concentration and pH indicator of a urease test reagent. Five 21-day-old conventional pigs were infected orally with HPLO (3 pigs) or Brucella broth alone (2 pigs). At 17 d after infection the pigs were euthanized and their stomachs excised and tested for HPLO by a modified urease test formulation sprayed onto the gastric mucosa, as well as confirmatory culture and isolation of HPLO from urease-positive sites.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To determine whether a combination modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) vaccine can stimulate protective immunity in young BRSV-seropositive calves following intranasal (IN) administration.
Design: Controlled challenge study.
Animals: 66 Holstein bull calves, 3 to 8 days old.
Many viruses, including bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfluenzavirus-3 (PI3), bovine coronavirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine reovirus, have been etiologically associated with respiratory disease in cattle. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of BHV-1 and BRSV, two very different agents that primarily cause disease in the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To determine whether a combination viral vaccine containing a modified-live bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) would protect calves from infection with virulent field strains of BHV-1 for weeks or months after vaccination.
Design: Randomized controlled trial, performed in 2 replicates.
Animals: 63 weaned 4- to 6-month-old crossbred beef calves seronegative for antibody against BHV-1.
Sera and selected tissue homogenates collected from gnotobiotic swine never exposed to the environment or other swine tissues were tested for the presence of porcine torque teno virus (TTV) DNAs by nested and non-nested polymerase chain reactions (PCR) using primers specific for the untranslated region of porcine genogroups (g) 1 and 2. Twenty-three of 105 (21.9%) gnotobiotic piglets were g1- and/or g2-TTV DNA positive.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThis study examined if pigs in a Porcine circovirus disease (PCVD)-affected herd (n = 100) had shed more Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) in their feces than pigs in a PCVD-nonaffected herd (n = 101), and if differences in shedding among production stages within and between the herds existed. The PCV-2 shedding was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The highest median PCV-2 shedding was found in the nursery of the PCVD-affected herd and in the grower of the PCVD-nonaffected herd.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To determine whether porcine genogroup 1 torque teno virus (g1-TTV) can infect and cause disease in gnotobiotic swine.
Sample Population: 20 conventional baby pigs and 46 gnotobiotic baby pigs.
Procedures: Porcine g1-TTV was transmitted from conventional swine to gnotobiotic pigs via pooled leukocyte-rich plasmas (n=18) that had positive results for g1-TTV DNA.
Objective: To determine whether porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) could be experimentally induced in gnotobiotic swine.
Sample Population: Plasma samples from 27 sows and 20 conventional weaned piglets were obtained, and 30 gnotobiotic pigs were used in experiments.
Procedures: 3 experiments were conducted.
Objective: To determine whether genogroup 1 porcine torque teno virus (g1-TTV) can potentiate clinical disease associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2).
Sample Population: 33 gnotobiotic baby pigs.
Procedures: Pigs were allocated into 7 groups: group A, 5 uninoculated control pigs from 3 litters; group B, 4 pigs oronasally inoculated with PCV2 alone; group C, 4 pigs inoculated IP with first-passage g1-TTV alone; group D, 4 pigs inoculated IP with fourth-passage g1-TTV alone; group E, 6 pigs inoculated IP with first-passage g1-TTV and then oronasally inoculated with PCV2 7 days later; group F, 6 pigs inoculated IP with fourth-passage g1-TTV and then inoculated oronasally with PCV2 7 days later; and group G, 4 pigs inoculated oro-nasally with PCV2 and then inoculated IP with fourth-passage g1-TTV 7 days later.
Objective: To determine whether commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterins sold for use in swine contain porcine torque teno virus (TTV).
Sample Population: 22 commercially available M hyopneumoniae bacterins.
Procedures: Direct and nested PCR assays for genogroup-specific TTV DNAs were performed on serials of M hyopneumoniae bacterins by use of published and custom-designed primer pairs at 3 laboratories in North America and Europe.
The emergence of multiple genotypes of PCV2, as demonstrated by phylogenetic analysis of whole genome or capsid sequences, makes it necessary to have quantitative diagnostic assays that perform equally well on all strains. The objectives of this study were to develop and validate a novel real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the highly conserved rep gene (ORF1) and investigate the effects of diagnostic specimen choice on its performance. The assay was tested in naturally infected conventional pigs, experimentally infected gnotobiotic pigs, and plasmid-spiked negative serum, lung tissue, and feces and found to have a linear detection range of 2.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe emergence of severe porcine circoviral disease in North America is associated with Porcine circovirus-2 genotype b (PCV-2b), which has led to speculation that PCV-2b is more virulent than PCV-2a. The objectives of this study were to 1) correlate the PCV-2 DNA concentration and lesions in wasting (WST) and age-matched healthy (HLTH) pigs from 2 clinically affected farms, and unaffected (UNFCT) pigs from a farm with no prior clinical or diagnostic history of PCVD; and 2) to determine the initial estimates of sensitivity and specificity of PCV-2 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). PCV-2b was confirmed in all 3 farms.
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