A review of equine anesthetic induction: Are all equine anesthetic inductions "crash" inductions?

Horses are the most challenging of the common companion animals to anesthetize. Induction of anesthesia in the horse is complicated by the fact that it is accompanied by a transition from a conscious standing position to uncconconscious recumbency. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on induction of anesthesia with a focus on the behavioral and physiologic/pharmacodynamic responses and the actions and interactions of the drugs administered to induce anesthesia in the healthy adult horse with the goal of increasing consistency and predictability.

A Retrospective Study of the Incidence and Management of Complications Associated With Regional Nerve Blocks in Equine Dental Patients.

Regional anesthesia of the equine head is commonly performed to allow oral extraction of diseased teeth in the standing horse. The use of 4 blocks (infraorbital nerve, maxillary nerve, mental nerve, and mandibular nerve) is well documented for desensitization of dental quadrants for oral surgery for exodontia, but descriptions of associated complications are limited. A total of 270 regional nerve blocks were performed on 162 equine patients in a second opinion referral hospital setting.

Total intravenous anesthesia using a midazolam-ketamine-xylazine infusion in horses: 46 cases (2011-2014).

This study evaluated use of midazolam, ketamine, and xylazine (MKX) for total intravenous (IV) anesthesia (TIVA) in horses. Medical records of 46 horses undergoing a clinical procedure using MKX for TIVA were reviewed. Age, breed, procedure, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), pre-anesthetic drugs, induction drugs, and total volume of MKX were recorded.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of buprenorphine and sustained-release buprenorphine after administration to adult alpacas.

OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of buprenorphine after IV and SC administration and of sustained-release (SR) buprenorphine after SC administration to adult alpacas. ANIMALS 6 alpacas. PROCEDURES Buprenorphine (0.

Effect of pre-warming on perioperative hypothermia and anesthetic recovery in small breed dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

This study compared perianesthetic body temperatures and times to recovery from general anesthesia in small dogs that were either warmed for 20 minutes prior to anesthesia or not warmed. Twenty-eight client-owned dogs that were presented for ovariohysterectomy were included in the study. Small (<10 kg body weight) dogs with normal circulatory status were randomly assigned to receive pre-warming for 20 minutes or no treatment.

Comparison of cardiorespiratory variables in dorsally recumbent horses anesthetized with guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine spontaneously breathing 50% or maximal oxygen concentrations.

This study compared cardiorespiratory variables in dorsally recumbent horses anesthetized with guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine and spontaneously breathing 50% or maximal (> 90%) oxygen (O2) concentrations. Twelve healthy mares were randomly assigned to breathe 50% or maximal O2 concentrations. Horses were sedated with xylazine, induced to recumbency with ketamine-diazepam, and anesthesia was maintained with guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine to effect.

Postoperative comparison of four perioperative analgesia protocols in dogs undergoing stifle joint surgery.

Objective: To compare 4 analgesic protocols in dogs undergoing stifle joint surgery.

Design: Randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial. Animals-48 client-owned dogs that underwent stifle joint surgery.

Recovery from desflurane anesthesia in horses with and without post-anesthetic xylazine.

The objective of this study was to compare recovery from desflurane anesthesia in horses with or without post-anesthetic xylazine. Six adult horses were anesthetized on 2 occasions, 14 d apart using a prospective, randomized crossover design. Horses were sedated with xylazine, induced to lateral recumbency with ketamine and diazepam, and anesthesia was maintained with desflurane.

Effect of dexmedetomidine, morphine-lidocaine-ketamine, and dexmedetomidine-morphine-lidocaine-ketamine constant rate infusions on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane and bispectral index in dogs.

Objective: To determine the effect of dexmedetomidine, morphine-lidocaine-ketamine (MLK), and dexmedetomidine-morphine-lidocaine-ketamine (DMLK) constant rate infusions on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane and bispectral index (BIS) in dogs.

Animals: 6 healthy adult dogs.

Procedures: Each dog was anesthetized 4 times with a 7-day washout period between anesthetic episodes.

Comparison of invasive and oscillometric blood pressure measurement techniques in anesthetized camelids.

This study assessed the accuracy of the oscillometric method for arterial blood pressure (ABP) monitoring in anesthetized camelids. Twenty camelids were anesthetized and systolic ABP (SABP), mean ABP (MABP), and diastolic ABP (DABP) were measured directly and using the oscillometric method. The mean difference between SABP measurements was -9.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam after intravenous and intramuscular administration in alpacas.

Objective: To determine pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of midazolam after IV and IM administration in alpacas.

Animals: 6 healthy alpacas.

Procedures: Midazolam (0.

Evaluation of a midazolam-ketamine-xylazine infusion for total intravenous anesthesia in horses.

Objective: To evaluate the use of midazolam, ketamine, and xylazine for total IV anesthesia (TIVA) in horses.

Animals: 6 healthy Thoroughbred mares.

Procedures: Horses were sedated with xylazine (1.

Effect of 50% and maximal inspired oxygen concentrations on respiratory variables in isoflurane-anesthetized horses.

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 0.5 fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂) and >0.95 FiO₂ on pulmonary gas exchange, shunt fraction and oxygen delivery (DO₂) in dorsally recumbent horses during inhalant anesthesia.

Effect of intravenous administration of lactated Ringer's solution or hetastarch for the treatment of isoflurane-induced hypotension in dogs.

Objective: To determine the effect of IV administration of crystalloid (lactated Ringer's solution [LRS]) or colloid (hetastarch) fluid on isoflurane-induced hypotension in dogs.

Animals: 6 healthy Beagles.

Procedures: On 3 occasions, each dog was anesthetized with propofol and isoflurane and instrumented with a thermodilution catheter (pulmonary artery).

Hematuria and transitional cell papilloma of the renal pelvis treated via unilateral nephrectomy in an alpaca.

Case Description: An 11-year-old 72-kg (158-lb) sexually intact female alpaca was examined for diagnosis and treatment of hematuria of 4 months' duration.

Clinical Findings: Pigmenturia was detected by the owner when the alpaca was 8 months pregnant. Radiographic, ultrasonographic, vaginal speculum, and cystoscopic evaluation of the urinary tract revealed normal vaginal and urethral epithelia and increased bladder vessel tortuosity, with pulses of hemorrhage from the left ureter.

Veterinary teaching hospitals: current challenges and pathways for the future.

University-based veterinary teaching hospitals must change to maintain their viability. A number of factors both internal and external to universities and the veterinary profession have contributed to the need for change. A task force formed by the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges and the American Association of Veterinary Clinicians was convened to identify the issues and propose individual and collective strategies for the future.

Clinical comparison of xylazine and medetomidine for premedication of horses.

Objective: To compare the analgesic and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine and xylazine when used for premedication of horses undergoing general anesthesia.

Design: Randomized clinical trial.

Animals: 40 horses.

Evaluation of the analgesic properties of acepromazine maleate, oxymorphone, medetomidine and a combination of acepromazine-oxymorphone.

Objective: To determine the presence and duration of analgesia after oxymorphone, acepromazine maleate, acepromazine-oxymorphone combination and medetomidine administration in dogs.

Study Design: Blinded, controlled study.

Animals: Six adult beagle dogs.